-
Period: 936 to 973
Otto The Great
Linked control of German and northern Italy to title of Emperor of the Romans, which
would change into Holy Roman Emperor. -
Period: 1073 to 1088
Pope Gregory VII
Papal primacy – Pope head of church, above all other clergy -
Period: 1084 to 1105
Henry IV
King of England and Lord of Ireland -
1091
Normans take Sicily from Muslims
-
1095
Pope Urban II, at the Council of Clermont
Called for war against turks -
Period: 1096 to 1099
First Crusade
Conquest of Jerusalem. In response, Muslim leaders called for a jihad. -
1122
Concordat of Worms
Recognized that bishops are not only church leaders but temporal leaders as well. -
1123
First Lateran Council
-
Period: 1147 to 1149
Second Crusade
a complete failure -
Period: 1152 to 1190
Frederick Barbarossa
failed to conquer Italy and was forced to
recognize Italian city-states as independent of the empire -
Period: 1175 to 1253
Robert Grosseteste
Chancellor of Oxford University.
Roundness of the earth could be demonstrated by reason.
Mathematics is necessary to understand the physical world.
Experiments on the refraction of light -
Period: 1189 to 1192
Third Crusade
Failed to reconquer Jerusalem.
The Kings’ Crusade -
Period: 1198 to 1216
Pope Innocent III
Asserted papal primacy over all monarchs -
Period: 1202 to 1204
Fourth Crusade
Sack of Constantinople.
Latin Empire in the East, 1204 – 1261.
Deep mistrust between East and West -
Period: 1209 to 1229
Albigensian Crusade
10,000 – 30,000 put to death -
1215
Fourth Lateran Council
Christians must confess their sins at least once a year.
Pronouncement of Marriage Banns.
Physical presence of Jesus in the Eucharist – Transubstantiation. -
Period: 1225 to 1274
Saint Thomas Aquinas
rejected the conservative belief that
philosophy and reason would contaminate faith.
Upheld the value of human reason and natural knowledge.
Set about to reconcile Aristotle and Christianity.
Summa Theologica, a systematic exposition of Christian thought -
Period: 1271 to 1295
Marco Polo
Merchant from Venice
Brought Asian commodities
back to Europe along the
Silk Roads
Wrote a book about his
experiences in China
Influenced Columbus -
Period: 1320 to 1384
John Wycliffe
Argued that the church did not control eternal destiny nor
access of the soul to divine grace.
Salvation came through faith by divine
grace.
Church rituals, sacraments, and clergy
were unnecessary.
Translated the Bible into English -
Period: 1337 to 1453
The Hundred Years’ War
-
Period: 1350 to
The Renaissance: Transition to the Modern Age
The beginning of the Modern Era.
Individuals showed increasing concern with worldly life and self-consciously aspired
to shape their destinies.
Significant links to medieval world while also laying foundation to the modern world –
an Age of Transition -
Period: 1369 to 1415
Jan Hus
Influenced by the writings of Wycliffe.
Native of Prague, Bohemia.
Opposed the church’s reliance and emphasis on
sacraments.
Politically, he opposed the Hapsburgs and sought
Bohemia’s independence within the Holy Roman Empire.
Hus was summoned by authorities, promised his personal
safety.
Burned at the stake. -
Period: 1394 to 1460
Prince Henry
"The Navigator" -
Period: 1398 to 1468
Johann Gutenberg
Gutenberg Bible
Other books
Sermons
Prayer books
Secular books -
Period: 1407 to 1457
Lorenzo Valla
Declamation Concerning the False Decretals of Constantine.
A critical examination of the Donation of Constantine.
Valla proved the document was a eighth-century forgery -
Period: 1431 to 1503
Pope Alexander VI
-
Period: 1451 to 1506
Christopher Columbus
-
1454
Treaty of Lodi
Treaty of Lodi
Brokered by Cosimo de Medici
Peace until 1494, when Charles VIII of France invaded -
Period: 1463 to 1494
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
God says to man:
“We have made you a creature [such that] you may, as the free and proud
shaper of your own being, fashion yourself in the form you may prefer.” -
Period: 1469 to 1527
Niccolo Machiavelli
Machiavelli is regarded as the first modern political thinker.
Politics requires the rational deployment of force as well as the exercise of virtue.
Machiavelli is practical, rather than purely theoretical. -
Period: 1483 to 1546
Martin Luther
Augustinian Monk
“Tower Experience”
1514/15
Solá fide
Solá scriptura
Solá gratia
Salvation from God,
not good deeds or
indulgences -
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Determined what land was given to which country -
1513
The Prince
Indictment of the humanist ideal of princely rule.
Fundamental contributions to political theory. -
1520
Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther
-
Period: 1520 to 1566
Suleiman I, the Magnificent
Sultan of the Ottoman empire
The Turks captured
Constantinople 1453
Expanded into the Balkans
Laid siege to Vienna 1531-1532 -
1525
Peasants Revolt
-
1527
Charles V sacks Rome – Pope under house arrest
-
1529
Diet of Speyer – Lutheranism outlawed
Lutheran Princes protest =Protestants -
Period: 1534 to 1549
Pope Paul III
Reinstitute's the inquisition -
1540
Pope Paul III recognizes the Jesuit Order The Society of Jesus
-
Period: 1545 to 1563
Council of Trent
- Theology of St. Thomas Aquinas
- Church tradition, Papal decrees and decisions of Church Councils
- Good works necessary for salvation
- Reaffirmed all Seven Sacraments
- Reaffirmed transubstantiation
- Reaffirmed special power of priests
-
Period: 1547 to
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
Don Quixote
Satire of the ideals of knighthood and chivalry
The fact that knighthood and chivalry were still subjects worth satirizing in Spain indicates how
much Spain lagged behind Italy, France, and England. -
Period: 1564 to
William Shakespeare
Greatest playwright – ever.
Heroic but always human characters.
Weak, flawed, but great and noble as well.
