Chapter 14

Treaty of Arras

Dec 23, 1482

The Treaty of Arras declared that French Burgundy was a kingdom of France. This demonstrates that European states were becoming more centralized.

Philip of Burgundy, the heir of Maximilian and Mary, and Joanna of Castile, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, marry.

Mar 3, 1496

The event is significant because the marriage would produce Charles V, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He would attempt to stop the Protestant Reformation.

Charles V is Born

Feb 24, 1500

Charles V, the son of Philip and Joanna, is born. He inherits Italy, Sicily, Habsburg lands in Austria, Southern Germany, the Low Countries and the Franche-Comte. This would give him control over a massive empire.

The ecumenical council meets in Rome to discuss efforts to reform the church.

Period: Mar 3, 1512 to Mar 3, 1517

The council demonstrates that the church was earnestly attempting to reform. It recomended higher educational standards for priests and ordered the papacy to prevent bureaucratic corruption.

Luther's 95 Theses

Mar 3, 1517

Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door to the church at Wittenberg Castle to attack the sale of indulgences.The event marked the start of the Protestant Reformation and would result in Northern Germany becoming Lutheran.

Luther denies the authority of the pope in a debate with John Eck.

Mar 3, 1519

This demonstrates the radical nature of Lutheranism.

Protestantism Spreads to Switzerland

Mar 3, 1519

Ulrich Zwingli mounts the pulpit in Zurich, Switzerland. He announces that he would not preach the church’s prescribed readings but would instead preach right through the New Testament.

Gustavus Vasa leads a successful revolt against Denmark and Sweden becomes an independent nation.

Mar 3, 1520

This demonstrates that Protestantism would led to many uprising throughout Europe.

Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

Mar 3, 1520

Luther appeals to the princes of Germany in Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation. He argued that princes should confiscate church land and abolish indulgences. Many of the princes wanted an excuse to confiscate church land for financial purposes, so they obeyed Luther’s appeals. This shows the politcal implications of Luther's teachings in Germany.

Diet of Worms

Jan 28, 1521

Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire summoned Luther to appear before the Diet of Worms. Luther refused to recant his teachings and he was declared an outlaw by Charles V. Luther is then placed under protection by the Germna princes. This demonstrates the power schism in Germany.

Peasant Uprisings

Mar 3, 1525

Peasant revolts spread throughout Europe. The peasants, angered that nobles had taken their common land after a year of crop failure, killed many nobles. Luther originally supported the peasants, but sided with the nobles because he did not believe that the peasants’ violence was justified. The uprising was eventually crushed by the nobility. This shows some of the secular impacts of Luther's teachings.

Ottoman Invasion of Hungary

Mar 3, 1526

The Ottoman Empire kills King Louis II and over 16,000 soldiers on the plain of Mohacs. As a result, The Ottoman Empire divided Hungary and allows each community freedom to chose its own religion. As a result, Lutheranism became a common religion in Hungary.

End of the Renaissance

Mar 3, 1527

The High Renaissance ends when the Holy Roman Empire invades Rome and capture pope Clement VII.

Henry VII Aattempts to Annul His Marriage

Mar 3, 1527

Henry VII of England attempts to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. He argued that it was not a valid marriage because Catherine was his brother’s widow. Pope Clement VII refused to allow the annulment because his predecessor, Julius II, had allowed it. He knew that such a contradiction would fuel the belief that popes substituted their own evil judgment for the law of God.

Lutheran Protestant thought was officially formulated at the Confession of Augsburg.

Mar 3, 1530

This demonstrates that Lutherans were becoming increasingly organized throughout Europe.

The Supremacy Act

Nov 3, 1534

The Supremacy Act was passed. The act declared the king the head of the Church of England. It also broke all ties with the Vatican. The seperated church would eventually become the Anglican Church.

The Ursuline Order of Nuns

Mar 3, 1535

The Ursuline Order of Nuns was founded to further the education of young girls and to combat heresy. This demonstrates actions taken by the Catholic Church during the counter-Reformation.

England's Monastaries are Dissolved

Period: Mar 3, 1535 to Mar 3, 1539

Henry VIII dissolves the monasteries of England. His decision resulted in the sale of land that had previously housed the monasteries. New bureaucracies were created so the crown could control the property and money gained from this act.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Mar 3, 1536

In the Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin argued for the absolute sovereignty of God. He believed that humans were insignificant and that God had chosen who would be saved at the beginning of time (predestination).

The Irish Parliament approves the English law and separates their church from Rome.

Mar 3, 1536

This demonstrates that Ireland was following England's example by ending ties with the Catholic CHurch.

Pilgrimage of Grace

Oct 3, 1536

The Pilgrimage of Grace occurred. Popular opposition to Henry VIII’s attack on the church resulted in a large multiclass rebellion. It ended with a truce and the execution of the pilgrimage’s leaders. This demonstrates that the decision to cut ties with the Catholic Church was controversial.

Jesuits

Mar 3, 1540

The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, was founded by Ignatius Loyola to help resist the spread of Protestantism. Jesuits were very mobile and helped to spread Catholicism to the New World and India. This is an example of Catholic actions during the Counter-Reformation

Calvinist Takeover of Geneva

Mar 3, 1541

John Calvin starts to work to turn the city of Geneva into a Christian community. He published the Genevan Catechism, which was a set of questions and answers about the Calvinist faith that was memorized by children and adults. This demonstrates that the Catholic Church was losing control to multiple factions of Christianity.

The Holy Office

Mar 3, 1542

Pope Paul III establishes the Holy Office to run the Roman Inquisition. The Inquisition was effectively eliminating heresy within the papal states. However, it did not elimenate heresy without this area.

Council of Trent

Period: Mar 3, 1545 to Mar 3, 1563

The Council of Trent meets to reform the church and reconcile with Protestants. As a result of the council, equal validity was given to the scriptures and tradition. It also ended indulgences, required Bishops to reside in their own dioceses, and enforced celibacy. In addition, it required that people had to give their marriage vows before a priest for the marriage to be valid. This demonstrated at earnest attempt at reform by the Catholic Church.

Book of Common Prayer

Mar 3, 1549

The Book of Common Prayer is published by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. It simplified the liturgy of the Church of England.

Peace of Augsburg

Sep 25, 1555

In the Peace of Augsburg, Charles V allowed the German princes to choose the religion of their kingdom. Most Northern princes converted to Lutheranism while most Southern princes remained Catholic. This politically divided Germany and gave the German princes increased power.

Elizabethan Settlement

Mar 3, 1558

The Elizabethan Settlement was passed by Elizabeth I of England. It required outright obedience to the Church of England and uniformity of church ceremonies. Anyone who disobeyed the settlement was fined. This required increased loyalty to the Church of England.

Protestantism in Scotland

Mar 3, 1560

In Scotland, John Knox convinced the Scottish Parliament to dissolve the Mass. Knox then founded the Presbyterian Church. This is an example of the spread of Protestantism.