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Jews expelled from Jerusalem concentrate in two communities, the western one at Yavneh/Jamnia/Jabne ("Alexandrian" Jews) under the Sanhedrin (supreme court) of rabbi Yohanan/Jochanan ben Zaccai, and the "Babylonian" community, a tributary of the Parthians.
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Marcion found a heretic sect that believes the God of the Old Testament and the God of the New Testament are different Gods, and Jesus is not the son of the former.
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Saint Simeon Stylites
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Emperor Theodosius II
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Nestorius, a monk in the Syrian monastery of Euprepius, is appointed by the eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II as patriarch of Constantinople and preaches the doctrine of two natures of Jesus, human and divine.
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Pope Gregory I
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Saint Dominic of Silos
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German Emperor Heinrich III
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Pope Leo IX
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Humbert Della Silva Candida publishes the rules by which popes should be elected, restricting the electors to the cardinals and forbidding interference from the Roman nobility of the Holy Roman emperor, and resumes the Donatist heresy (the morality of a priest determines whether he is worthy of administering sacraments).
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Hildebrand becomes Pope Gregory VII and launches the "Gregorian" reform (celibacy of the clergy, the primacy of the papacy over the empire, infallibility of the Church, right of the pope to depose emperors).
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Pope Urban II, responding to an appeal from the Byzantine emperor Alexios Komnenos, calls for a Crusade against the Muslims, but no European king joins (both emperor Heinrich IV and king Philippe I of France are still excommunicated).
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Pope Pasquale II
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Paschal II resolves the conflict between Church and Empire by renouncing all of the Church's earthly possessions and by embracing apostolic poverty.
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Hugh de Payens found the order of Knights Templar (warrior monks) at the Temple Mount in Jerusalem who adopt the Cistercian rule, establish their headquarters at Acre, and protect pilgrim routes to Jerusalem.
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Saint Rainerius of Pisa
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Pope Calixtus II and German emperor Heinrich V sign the Concordat of Worms that resolves the "investiture controversy" by granting the emperor veto power over the German Church.
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King Richard I
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Saint Gerold of Cologne
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Emperor Frederick
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Pope Gregory IX
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Eusebius of Esztergom founds the Order of St. Paul the First Hermit ("Pauline monks") by uniting all the hermits who lived in the forests of Hungary and Croatia.
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Innocent IV decrees that heretics are thieves and murderers of souls, and therefore approves torture against heretics.
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Defeated by the Muslims at Acre, Hospitallers and Templars move their headquarters from Acre to Cyprus and Teutonic Knights move their headquarters from Acre to Venice.
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Flora of Beaulieu
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Emperor Louis IV
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Franciscan monk Marsilio da Padova publishes "Defender Of Peace", in which he argues that the Church has no authority over secular affairs and that the purpose of a state is to guarantee peace.
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Pope Urban VI's fight against corruption causes the cardinals to move back to Avignon and elect another pope, Robert de Geneve as Clement VII ("Western Schism"), who is recognized by France's allies (Spain and Scotland) but not by France's enemies (England, Portugal, Flanders, Germany, Poland, Hungary).
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The Oxford theologian John Wycliffe preaches that the Church has fallen into sin, that it ought to give up all its property, and that the clergy should live in complete poverty.
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Pope Urban VI
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The heretic Jan Hus is burned at the stake at Constance for opposing the sale of indulgences and claiming that the Church is a human invention.
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King Henry VI
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Pope Eugenius IV
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Alexander VI forms a "holy league" with Milano, Venezia, German emperor Maximilian, and Fernando II of Aragonia to repel the invasion of Charles VIII of France.
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Girolamo Savonarola
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The fanatical Dominican monk Savonarola sends his followers' door to door in Firenze to burn all non-religious art, books and musical instruments (the "Bonfire of the Vanities"), then he is excommunicated and hanged and burnt as a heretic.
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Martin Luther
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King Henry VIII
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The Protestant Reformation begins at Wittenberg when Martin Luther publishes his "95 Theses" against the Catholic practice of selling indulgences.
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Ignatius of Loyola founds the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), which beliefs in free will and in salvation through good deeds (not just faith).
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Pope Paul IV
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Pope Paul IV (a former Grand Inquisitor and practitioner of torture) issues a list of forbidden books, the "Index Expurgatorius".
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The philosopher Giordano Bruno is executed as a heretic in Rome for claiming that the universe is infinite.
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René Goupil
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Pope Innocent X
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200,000 Jews are slaughtered during the Russian invasion of Poland by Cossacks led by Bogdan Chmielnicki.
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King Charles II
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The Greek Jewish kabbalist Shabbatai Zvi is hailed as the messiah but then accepts to convert to Islam to save his life.