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Sep 1, 1500
Ice bridge
-The natives, the first inhabitants of North America, came to North America by the ice bridges from Russia. Thet crossed the bering straight crossing ice brigde.
- The first traces of the first arrival go as far back as 30 000 years ago. -
Period: Sep 1, 1500 to
Population
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Sep 1, 1534
Jacques Cartier first voyage
-Explored the Gulf of St-Lawrence.
-Reported what he thought was gold but was really lots of fish, timber and fur. -
Sep 1, 1535
Jacques Cartier second voyage
-Sailed up the St-Lawrence and reached Quebec
-Some natives showed Europeans how to survive winter -
Sep 1, 1541
Jacques Cartier third voyage
-Attempted to set up a colony which was not successful.
-Missionaries wanted to convert natives.
-After this voyage, France lost interest in the territory for 60 years.
- Although, 60 years later, the Kinf of France was interesred in building up the land into a colony again. -
Attempted settlement called Port-Royal
-Samuel de Champlain was involved.
-It was located in Nova Scotia.
-It failed because of its position (the Natives did no want to travel that far). -
New France= first permanent settlement
-Samuel de Champlain returned to establish a trading post near Quebec
-It then became New France -
Seigneurial System
-The land was didivded into rectangulars.
-The land was very narrow.
-The king was in charge of giving away parts of the land to rich French men (Seigneur), who then gave away land to the peasants (censitaire). The peasants had to pay certain dues to the Seigneur.
-Some peasants built churches at their own expense.
-The houses were very close together. -
Population of New France in 1663
-The population increased rapidly to 3,000 people. -
Jean Talon
- Louis the 24th became the new king of France. He didn't like the arrangements and systems in New France. -He hires Jean Talon, and intendant to help populate New France. -Jean Talon then encouraged "Les Filles du Roi" and "Les engagés'' to immigrate to New France. -Jean Talon also had other ways of populating the colony. For example, father's whos daughters weren't married at a certain age payed a fine.
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Population of New France in 1730
-In 1760, 70,000 people lived in New France. -
British Regime
-The British regime started in 1760 and ended in 1867.
-When the British took control, only the wealthy French left New France. The populaation was 99% French and 1% English.
-In 1763, the wealthy british business men were the first to immigrate. -
Arrival of Loyalists in Quebec
-Citizens of the thirteen colonies who were loyal to Great Brtitain moved when the thirteen colonies became independant. Some of them came to Quebec. Some came to the Maritimes while most of them settled in West of Montreal.
- With the arrival of the loyalists, the English Quebec population had a sudden increase of 1-10% -
The Imperial Act of 1790
-It assured immigrants that their slaves would remain their property in British regions of Canada. -
Mesures to encourage immigration in Quebec
-This included the granting of land to shipping and railroad companies and immigration agents coming to the aid of immigrants in 1828.
-Laws discouraging Amrican immigration in Upper Canada.
-Propaganda to encourage immigration. -
Arrival of the Irish in Quebec
-The Irish came to Quebec because of the Irish Potato Famine.
-Their conditions during the traveling were difficult and many diseases were spread.
-In order to make sure that no diseases were being spread in Quebec, they alll stayed on an island called "Grosse Ile" for a month. -
Majority of Frenach people in Quebec
-French Canadians remain a majority due to their high birth rate.
-English speaking-minority is growing because of various waves of immigration. -
Emmigration to the United States and West
-Because of the emmigration to Quebec, there was overpopulation of the seigneuries. That then lead to many changes, such as:
-Emmigration to the forest regions of Quebec (Outaouais, Western Canada and Témiscamigue
- Also, lots of people emmigrated to the United States due to the
fact that there were many more job opportunities and the workers got paid much better. -
Birth year of Canadion federation
-The federal government, led by John A. Macdonald, suggested an immigration policy to stimulate or restrict immigration.
-Entrusted the responsibility for Indian affairs to the federal government.
-Canada was formed and it contained four provinces which were Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. -
Indian Act
-The federal government adopted the Indian Act in order to clarify that the reserves of the natives remained the property of the government.
-After world war 2, the Natives were upset that the provincial government wanted to launch prjects on their land without the permission of the natives. Because of that, they negociated with them and compramised with the Natives. -
Immigration responsibilities
-Canada and Quebec agreed to share the immigration responsibilities.In addition to the criteria in Canada, which was that the candidate must have a good eductaion and training for job market, immigrants in Quebec were selected as a funtion of their ability to adap to a francophone society. -
Oka crisis
-Mohawk warriors established road blocks just on the boarders of their reserve in Oka outside of Montreal, when a gold course wanted to expand itself on their native land.
-The Natives military organized themselves and the Canadian forces needed to handle the situation.
