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1796
Spain had been allied with France against the United Kingdom since the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso -
1806
Spain readied for an invasion in case of a Prussia victory, but Napoleon´s rout of the Prussian army at the Battle of Jena-Auestaedt caused Spain to back down.
Napoleon was fully aware of the disastrous state of Spain´s economy and administration and its fragility; and felt it had little value as an ally. -
1808
Napoleon turned of Spain, during the Peninsular War, forcing the abdication of the Spanish king and replacing him Napoleon´s brother Joseph.
The Peninsular War started whit French and Spanish armies invades and occupied Portugal in 1808, and escalated in 1812 -
1808
French troops on Spanish soil was extremely unpopular in Spain, resulting in the Mutiny of Aranjuez and the abdication of Charles IV of Spain in March.
Napoleon refused to help Charles and refused to recognize his son, Ferdinand VII, as the new king. Instead, he succeeded to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte -
1808
Creation of a “Supreme Central and Government Junta of Spain and the Indies”
These "kingdoms" were defined as the viceroyalties -
1810
Dissolution of the Sumpreme Junta29, because the reverse after the battle of Ocaña.
Creation of local juntas to preserve the region´s Independence from French -
1810
The creation of juntas in Spanish, America, on April 19
The juntas claimed to carry put their actions in the name of the deposed kin, Ferdinand VII -
1810
Early on September 16 Father Hidalgo rang the town´s church bells to call the people to mass conspirator
As the people assembled, he gave the Grito de Dolores
This speech started the conflict that eventually freed Mexico form Spain -
Hidalgo´s death
July 30 -
The Spanish Constitution (1812)
Basis for the Independence in New Spain (Mexico) and Central America -
José María Morelos y Pavón (1765-1815)
José Morelos replaces Hidalgo as the leader of the revolution. Morelos was a brilliant military guerrilla
Because Morelos was a mestizo and brought the lower classes unto the revolution, the peninsulares and criollos became afraid of mob violence and peninsulares and hunted down Morelos. They placed him in front of the firing squad him. -
1821
In January Iturbide began peace negotiations with Guerrero
The simple terms that Iturbide proposed became the basis of the Plan of Iguala; the Independence of New Spain (now called the Mexican Empire) with Ferdinand XII or another Bourbon as emperor; the retention of Catholic Church as the official state religion and the protection of its existing privileges; and the equality of all the New Spaniards, whatever immigrants or native-born. -
Plan de iguala
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1821
The Plan of Iguala be equal treatment under the law for booth peninsulares an criollos, Catholicism would be the official religion of Mexico would be a moderate monarchy
The three parts of the plan were known as union, religion, and independence, or the Three Guarantees flag. Res represents the union ,aka the blood, white purity of the Catholicism, Green represents the hope of the Independence
Iturbide would thus be the one to lead Mexico to Independence form Spain -
1822
May 19 when the Mexican Congress conferred the throne on Iturbide.
Development of the Independence Movement -
Impact of the Independence (Iturbide Takes Power)
However, Iturbide´s reign would not last long as created and inherited many problems that Mexico faced as an infant nation. In the end, Iturbide was not an emperor, but rather he was a caudillo. A caudillo was an appealing military -
Impact of the Inpedendence (Iturbide´s Issues)
The Independence movement had left Mexico in a bit of chaos. First, the silver mining was destroyed. Capital was investing their money outside of Mexico rather than re-investigating it into their own country. Furthermore, agricultural production had decreased causing food prices to rise. Iturbide was criticized for nepotism.
He award noble titles to his family and even made the birthdays of some of his family members national holidays. -
Augustin de Iturbide (1783-1824)
One of the people ordered to hunt down Morelos was Augustin de Iturbide, he had fought against the rebels on the side of the Spanish king Iturbide got removed from his command because he was a cruel leader
Iturbide met with Vicente Guerrero, the new leader of the rebellion and Iturbide´s former enemy planned a coop d´état -
The end of the Iturbide´s reign
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1824
A man who became a major player in Mexican politics for the next several decades, Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón. He entered the Plan the Veracruz, in which Mexico was turned into a republic Iturbide would be arrested for treason and met demise