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-The time after the stone or ice age, it started in the Middle East and starts to move into the Copper Age
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This time period experience important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.
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-A broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make implements with an edge.
-Lasted for about 3.4 million years. -
-The first city-states gradually develop in southern Mesopotamia. In here, writing begins to be developed.
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-First major civilization in México. The Olmec were among the first Mesoamerican complex societies, and their culture influenced many other countries, like the Maya. The Olmec are known for the immense stone heads they carved from the volcanic rock called basalt.
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-Different social structure from other societies of that and later times. Independent city-states were the political structure.
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-Marked the transition in human history from small nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to larger, agricultural settlements and early civilization.
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-The Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam and Gutium.
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The advanced drainage systems and baths of the great cities were built over or blocked.
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-Second dynasty of China which succeeded the Xia dynasty.
-The Shang Dynasty is known for its technological advancement and sophisticated craftsmanship in bronze and ceramic -
Well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia.
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Egyptian civilization reached the height of its wealth
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A large group of nomadic cattle-herders migrated into the region from central Asia.
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-The earliest known inscription is in the Phoenician alphabet come from Byblos and date back to 1000 BC
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-The longest lasting dynasty of ancient China.
The Hou dynasty was known for the beginnings of Confucianism and Taoism -
This migration, or expansion, was discovered through language.
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-One of the earliest pre-Inca cultures.
-Extended its influence to other civilizations along the coast. -
Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel. Many Israelites were deported to Mesopotamia. Began with the Babylonian exile.
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-Rebuilt the city with massive walls, a huge temple, and a ziggurat, and extended his rule over neighboring countries.
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-An empire based on Western Asia founded by Cyrus the Great
-Conquered the Medes -
-The aristocracy (wealthy class) dominated the early Roman Republic. In Roman society, the aristocrats were known as patricians.
-The Roman concept of the citizen evolved during the Roman Republic and changed significantly during the later Roman Empire. -
Buddha set in motion the wheel of teaching. For the next 45 years of his life, the Buddha taught many disciples, who became Arahants or 'noble ones', who had attained Enlightenment for themselves.
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He interpreted the Analects as ceremonies performed by human agents and embodying the civilized and cultured patterns of behavior developed through generations of human wisdom.
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-A series of wars that were fought by Greek states and Persia over a period of a century.
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-A period of Athenian political hegemony, economic growth, and cultural flourishing.
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The fiefs that had grown in importance during the end of the Zhou Dynasty had now become states of their own.
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A philosophy that attained prominence during the turbulent warring states era.
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-A war between Athens and Sparta. Athens was forced to dismantle its empire.
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Retroactive grouping of ideas and writings which were already at least one to two centuries old
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Philip captured Pydna, and the Greek city of Methone (Athenian base).
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-Had overthrown the Nanda dynasty
-Rapidly expanded his power westwards across central and western India. -
They had a highly advanced numeral system with place values.
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The Italian metropolis had to charter several fleets and confront them with the experienced Punic endowments.
Rome won but still had to face the challenges of war at sea. -
Ashoka ruled for an estimated 36 years and died in 232 BCE.
During the cremation, his body burned for seven days and nights. -
The great wall of China was constructed, little of it stands today.
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-The second imperial dynasty of China.
-The first empire to run under the Mandate of Heaven -
Chinese exports such as teas, salt, and porcelains passed through this road.
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Caesar was murdered by his own senators at a meeting in a hall next to Pompey’s theatre.
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a period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire that lasted for over 200 years. begun with the reign of Augustus.
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-developed ironworks, which helped it to expand its borders.
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separated into the Western Han and Eastern Han
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Began as a Jewish sect in Judea and quickly spread throughout the Roman Empire.
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Cao Pi pressured Emperor Xian into abdicating in his favor.
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The Eastern Empire governed out of Byzantium and the western Empire governed from Rome
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Religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman empire.
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Occurred when Constantine I moved his capital there to Rome.
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-The first ruler of the empire was Chandragupta I
-The empire was maintained over northern parts of central and western India -
-Overthrown by the Germanic leader
-Odoacer became the first barbarian to rule in Rome -
-A nomadic tribe of people from central Asia invaded
-Regional political kingdoms ruled India. -
-The people of Israel established the belief that there is only one God.
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-Considered the greatest empire of Mesopotamia. Expanded, conquered, and ruled the Middle East for 300 years.
