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In Monte Cassino, Italy, St Benedict drew up a set of rules for the monks, which included vows of obedience, poverty and manual labour
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The forces take over most of the territories, formerly occupied by the Persians
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This act symbolised a union of church and state.
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He was declared dead without leaving competent successors to continue the glory of the Carolingian dynasty. The Carolingian Empire falls apart.
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William asserted his rights to the English throne at the Battle of Hastings. William brought feudalism and culture from France to England
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The Crusaders were armies of Christians from all over Europe
who marched to the Holy Land to regain lands captured by the Turks
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This Crusade is generally considered to have been a failure. AD
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This Crusade was one of the more successful. In it King Richard the Lion-Hearted obtained certain privileges for Christians from the Turkish ruler, Saladin.
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In this Crusade the original purpose of the Crusades was abandoned, and the Crusaders burned and sacked many cities and villages on their route. They never reached the Holy Land.
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The Magna Carta gave some basic rights to the people and also said that the king was not above the law.
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This marked the end of the Crusades. Acre, the last Christian city in the Near East, was lost to the Turks.
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It swept England and Europe. It was estimated that one out of every five people in England died. Spread by fleas which infested a huge rat population, the disease is characterised by the victim turning dark purple in the last hours of life due to respiratory failure, hence the name, black plague.
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(1422-1461) The two sides of the war are the red rose (Henry's family at Lancaster) and the white rose (the house of York). Yorkist Richard III gains the kingship for a short time.
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Joan, a peasant girl in France, relates her divinely-inspired mission to drive the English out of France. She takes control of the French troops and liberates most of central France.
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She is taken to England. The English accuse her of being a witch and condemn her for heresy. Joan is publicly burned in the city of Rouen.
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They end all Byzantine civilisation
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All major, Italy is divided into regions: Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States and the southern kingdom of Naples.
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The two Spanish kingdoms end their conflicts but remain separate powers.
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the Tudor dynasty replaces Richard III. Henry VII, the first Tudor king, rules for twenty-four years and revives the English throne. He reestablishes royal power over the aristocracy, ends funding of foreign wars and reforms finances. Parliament also becomes a stable part of the governmental system.
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The pair expel all Jews from Spain and seek overseas expansion (for example, as patrons of Christopher Columbus). The flow of American gold and silver through Spain, the conquest of Mexico and Peru and superiority on the battlefield make Spain the most powerful state in Europe.
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