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HAITI AND SANTO DOMINGO
François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture took charge of a slave revolt on
the French side of the island of Hispaniola and led it between 1793 and 1802.In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti. It was, thus, the
second independent country in America, in this case, led by blacks. -
Causes of America Latina Independence
In the independence of Latin America, as in any complex process, many
causes can be distinguished, among them:
Economic, Social, Ideological and Influence of US independence and the French Revolution.
Napoleon names king of Spain. -
THE LACK OF A KING, OCCASION OF AMERICAN BOARDS
When proclaiming the Sovereign Boards, the
South American Creoles held three theses: The rejection of Napoleon's claims to
America, the loyalty to Ferdinand VII and, most importantly, the illegitimacy of both
Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial authorities appointed by the Spanish king,
who no longer had any power. Quito was to be the first in the history of
Spanish America to proclaim, on August 10, 1809, a government of its own,
not appointed by the Crown. -
Latin America Independence
The independence of Latin America was the historical process of the
rebellion of its inhabitants against Spanish colonial rule and the formation of
independent national states. It began with the proclamation of Sovereign
Boards in 1809. -
FROM THE BOARDS TO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
The Spanish authorities fiercely repressed the first of the cities to form a
Sovereign Junta. They tried to prevent the contagion. After the defeat, the armies of Lima and
Bogota occupied the city, and a year later, on August 2, 1810, they murdered
300 patriots and citizens, which shook entire America. -
Simón Bolivar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte Andrade y Blanco, más conocido como Simón Bolívar, fue un militar y político venezolano, fundador de las repúblicas de la Gran Colombia y Bolivia. Fue una de las figuras más destacadas de la emancipación hispanoamericana frente al Imperio español. Fue responsable de las independencias de : Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela. -
ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY, AND URUGUAY
A revolution spontaneously broke out in Asuncion (14-05-1811), and
the resulting government-held independent. This is how the Republic of Paraguay
was created.
The Oriental Republic of Uruguay, fed up with its disappointments with the
centralism of Buenos Aires, and after the War with Brazil (1825-1828), it would
be established as an independent entity in 1828. I
General José de San Martín, who promoted the Congress of Tucumán, which
founded the United Provinces of South America (9-07-1816). -
Independence of South America
When Fernando VII returned
to the throne in 1814,
patriotic military campaigns
subsisted in Venezuela. In the
first, Simón Bolívar To quell the independence movement, Fernando
VII ordered to organize the so-called "Peacekeeping expedition" which,
under the command of Marshal Pablo Morillo, sailed from Cádiz in 1815. It
was the greatest force that would leave Spain in the course of the war with a large arsenal -
Independence of Chile
San Martín no se desanimó y
decidió continuar con sus planes,
solo que ahora primero tuvo que liberar
Chile. Y armo el Ejército de los Andes. los
El cruce fue épico, pero, como habían
planeado, las seis columnas se reunieron menos
de un mes después en el Valle de Aconcagua y aunque sufrió una grave
derrota en Cancha Rayada (19-03-1818), triunfó en la batalla decisiva
de Maipú (5-04-1818), asegurando la independencia de Chile. -
New Granada and Venezuela
Morillo soon resumed control of Venezuela and New Granada. But in 1817, Bolívar, Piar, Páez, and other Venezuelan leaders reactivated the war. battle of Pantano de Vargas. which sealed the independence of New Granadar of skirmishes and Morillo and Bolívar sign the War
Regularization Treaty (27-11-1820), which ends the "War to Death" period. A
few months later, the royalist army was defeated in the battle of Carabobo, the
final victory of Venezuela's independence (June 25, 1821). -
Independence of Guatemala whit its province
Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Los Altos, and Costa Rica) declared its independence
from the Spanish Crown (15-09-1821) and, shortly after, annexed Mexico to
defend itself better from Spain. One year later, Guatemala and its provinces
formed an independent state, of federal character, with the name of United
Provinces of the Center of America. -
Independence of Perú
Together with O'Higgins, and with
200,000 pesos that he obtained from
Buenos Aires, San Martín managed to
buy a naval squadron to attack the
Spaniards in Peru by sea. San Martin
sailed from Valparaíso (20-08-1820)
It disembarked in Pisco (8-09-1820), and forced the realistic army to retreat towards
the mountain range. San
Martin (July 5, 1821), forced the viceroy La Serna to leave the city San Martin declared
independence (28-07-1821) and was appointed Protector of Peru -
How and who started it all?
Agustín de Iturbide transformó México en un imperio independiente en 1821, con el apoyo de la jerarquía eclesiástica, el ejército y los criollos, como un sistema nada liberal y para frenar cualquier reivindicación de las clases más populares. -
San Martin and Bolívar
In their meetings in Guayaquil (26 and 27- 07-1822), Bolivar, liberator, and
president of Gran Colombia, and San Martin, protector of Peru, talked about what
was missing to complete the freedom of America: the defeat of the last realistic
bastion in Peru. -
END OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
In 1823, Bolívar was authorized
by the Congress of the Gran
Colombia . In
September of that year, he
arrived in Lima and met with
Sucre and the Peruvian leaders
. Bolivar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army at the Battle
of Junín 1824.
Sucre was forced to give battle and destroyed
at the battle of Ayacucho in 1824 ,
which put an end to Spanish rule in South America.
Sucre went to Alto Peru in 1825, and
independent as a sovereign state that adopted the name of Bolivia in honor of Simón Bolívar. -
BRAZIL: Monarchical Independence
When Napoleon invaded Portugal, Juan VI took refuge in Brazil. In 1821, Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son
Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year he
proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was
succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first
republic was proclaimed. -
Independence of Pánama and Colombia
being its capital city of Guatemala.
However, local oligarchies promoted separation. This led to a civil war, in which Guatemala could not prevail. England invaded Nicaragua
but was rejected, although it remained with the enclave of Belize.
Panama belonged to the Viceroyalty of New Granada and, therefore, became independent along with Colombia. -
Mexican Independence
François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture took charge of a slave revolt on
the French side of the island of Hispaniola and led it between 1793 and 1802. In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti. It was, thus, the
second independent country in America, in this case, led by blacks. -
Independence of Puerto Rico
On September 23, 1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against
Spain, was produced. The rebellion is crushed in a short time. Puerto Rico
continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and
Spain. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be
administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that
country. -
Independence of Cuba
José Martí organizes the
Cuban Revolutionary Party and looks for the old
leaders of the revolution.The intervention of EE. UU precipitated the Spanish defeat and Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899, although it suffered
the American occupation. -
Independence of Ecuador
Let us remember how the independence of
Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), directed by Antonio Jose de Sucre, and its triumph in
Pichincha (05-24-1822), which ended
the independence of Gran Colombia.
Bolívar defeated
the realistic grasses in the battle of
Bomboná, and triumphantly entered Quito (06-16-1822) and waited
the President of Peru, General José de San Martín, to discuss the strategy for
end the war against the royalists.
