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CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE
Economic. The Bourbon reforms drowned the economy of the
colonies by preventing intraregional trade and imposing excessive
taxation.
Social. was resentment over the prerogatives of the Spaniards. The
disputes between Spaniards and creoles for management positions
extended to all areas.
Ideological. The forerunners of independence became aware of the
differences between the colonies and the metropolis, highlighted the
value of their own and raised the alternative of the fatherland -
the Sovereign Boards
When proclaiming the Sovereign Boards, the
South American Creoles held three theses:
The rejection of Napoleon's claims to
America, the loyalty to Ferdinand VII and,
most importantly, the illegitimacy of both
Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial
authorities appointed by the Spanish king,
who no longer had any power.
Quito was to be the first in the history of
Spanish America to proclaim, on August 10, 1809 -
Quito 1810
the heroes of the First Cry of Independence were assassinated. It happened when a group of people from Quito launched a plan to free them from prison and a possible death penalty. -
MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
The priest Miguel Hidalgo he was in front of the Indians and peasants and launched the «cry of independence» in the town of Dolores.was defeated in Guadalajara. The command was taken by another priest, José Maria Morelos, who led the second stage of the revolution -
The first Junta de Buenos Aires
Three military campaigns were organized to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, but they were not successful. However, a revolution spontaneously broke out in Asunción 05-14-1811, and the resulting independent government -
the First Republic
The military reaction of the colonial authorities was immediate. They met with little success, for they had no trained armies. The Creole reaction was increasingly strong and organized, which turned the process into a true continental war that lasted for several years. -
INDEPENDENCE OF SOUTH AMERICA
When Fernando VII returned to the throne in 1814, patriotic military campaigns subsisted in Venezuela and the Río de la Plata. In the first, Simón Bolívar -Member of the Caraqueña boards of 1811- was named new military leader, and in 1813 he liberated Mérida and Caracas in the so-called Admirable Campaign, cities that gave him the title of "Liberator", united forever to his first name -
BRAZIL: MONARCHICAL INDEPENDENCE
When Napoleon invaded Portugal, John VI took refuge in Brazil and
Later he promoted a legal reform by declaring Brazil as the territorial base of the "Empire of Brazil, Portugal and the Algarve." In 1821, John VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son
In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first republic was proclaimed. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
San Martin was not discouraged and decided to continue with his plans, only now he first had to liberate Chile. For that he spent years
making weapons, bullets and all kinds of equipment, and organizing
the Army of the Andes. The crossing was epic, but, as they had
planned, the six columns met less than a month later in the Aconcagua Valley and although it suffered a serious defeat in Cancha Rayada (19-03-1818) -
San Martin sailed from Valparaíso
Together with O'Higgins, and with 200,000 pesos that he obtained from Buenos Aires, San Martín managed to buy a naval squadron to attack the Spaniards in Peru by sea. San Martin sailed from Valparaíso (20-08-1820) with a fleet of eight warships and 16 transport ships, and 4,500 men from the armies of the Andes and Chile -
end of war to the death
Morillo counterattacked and defeated Bolívar in the Aragua valley. Then Bolívar crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas (07-25-1819). that sealed the independence of New Granada. One more year of skirmishes and Morillo and Bolívar sign the War Regularization Treaty (11-27-1820), which ends the period of "War to the Death" -
attack on spanish
Together with O'Higgins, and with 200,000 pesos that he obtained from Buenos Aires, San Martín managed to buy a naval squadron to attack the Spaniards in Peru by sea. San Martin sailed from Valparaíso (20-08-1820) with a fleet of eight warships and 16
transport ships, and 4,500 men from the armies of the Andes and Chile. It disembarked in Pisco (8-09-1820) -
INDEPENDENCE OF ECUADOR
independence of Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), the arrival of the patriot army commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in Pichincha (24-05-1822), which culminated the independence of the Great Colombia. -
END OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
In 1823, Bolívar was authorized by the Congress of the Gran Colombia to take command of an expedition to Peru. In September of that year, he arrived in Lima and met with Sucre and the Peruvian leaders to plan the attack. Bolivar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army at the Battle of Junín 1824. Four months later, while Bolivar had gone to Lima to raise more money and receive a new contingent of troops, Sucre was forced to give battle and destroyed the last bastion of the Spanish army -
death of simón bolivar
He was a founding military man of the republics of Greater Colombia and Bolivia. He was one of the most prominent figures of the Spanish American emancipation against the Spanish Empire. It contributed to inspire and decisively specify the independence of the current Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, 4 Peru and Venezuela died in 1830 -
death of pablo morillo
In March 1818 he faced the army commanded by Simón Bolívar in the battle of La Puerta, also known as El Semen, in which he was seriously wounded; however, he managed to beat died on July 27, 1837 -
invasion of england
1840), in which Guatemala could not prevail. England invaded Nicaraguabut was rejected, although it remained with the enclave of Belize. -
death of jose de san martin
He returned to Lima, resigned from the government of Peru (20- 091822), and returned to his home in Mendoza, Argentina (01-1823). A year later, discouraged by the death of his wife and the internal fights between Unitarians and Federals, he emigrated to Europe, where he died in 1850. -
THE CASE OF PUERTO RICO
On September 23, 1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against Spain, was produced. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
José Martí organizes the Cuban Revolutionary Party and looks for the old leaders of the revolution, unifies the different currents, builds a small army, and disembarks in Cuba. Martí dies in one of the combat actions 1895),The intervention of EE. UU precipitated the Spanish defeat and Cuba proclaimed its independence in 1899
