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In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French
troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti. -
One of them is
that Napoleon
imprisoned Charles IV and his
son Ferdinand VII and forced
them to abdicate in his favor. -
It began with the proclamation of Sovereign
Boards. -
Quito was to be the first in the history of
Spanish America to proclaim, on August 10, 1809, a government of its own, not appointed by the Crown. -
After the defeat, the armies of Lima and
Bogota occupied the city, and a year later, on August 2, 1810, they murdered 300 patriots and citizens, which shook entire America. -
Over the course of three years, he won triumphs with his army and occupied several Mexican cities, but was defeated in Guadalajara and executed by the royal authorities in 1811.
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The first Junta de Buenos Aires (25-05-1810) organized three military campaigns to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, but they were not successful. However, a revolution spontaneously broke out in Asuncion (14-05-1811), and the resulting government-held independent.
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Colonel José Artigas commanded the revolutionary troops who
defeated the royalists at the Battle of Las Piedras (18-05-1811) and besieged the walled Montevideo, where the viceregal government had moved. -
In the first, Simón Bolívar -Member of the Caraqueña boards of 1811- was named new military leader, and in 1813 he liberated Mérida and Caracas in the so-called Admirable Campaign, cities that gave him the title of "Liberator", united forever to his first name.
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Fernando VII returned
to the throne in 1814, -
Another federalist initiative was led by General José de San Martín, who promoted the Congress of Tucumán, which founded the United Provinces of South America (9-07-1816).
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In 1817, Bolívar, Piar, Páez, and other Venezuelan leaders reactivated the war. Bolivar faced and defeated Morillo in Calabozo, in 1818.
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The war crossing was epic, but, as they had planned, the six columns met less then a month later in the Aconcagua Valley and although it suffered a serious defeat in Cancha Rayada (19-03-1818), it triumphed in the decisive battle of Maipú (5-04-1818), assuring the independence of Chile.
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The independence of Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), the arrival of the patriot army commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in Pichincha (24-05-1822), which culminated the independence of the Great Colombia.
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The uprising in favor of the independence of the Realista Regiment Numancia - integrated by Venezuelans and Quiteños - opened the doors of Lima to San Martin (July 5, 1821), and forced the viceroy La Serna to leave the city and enter the mountains, with an army still very numerous. San Martin declared independence (28-07-1821) and was appointed Protector of Peru with full civil and military authority.
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Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Los Altos, and Costa Rica) declared its independence from the Spanish Crown. -
In 1822, Haitian troops subdued the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola, which would regain its independence from Haiti in 1844
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In Guayaquil (26 and 27- 07-1822), Bolivar, liberator, and
president of Gran Colombia, and San Martin, protector of Peru, talked about what was missing to complete the freedom of America: the defeat of the last realistic bastion in Peru. S. -
Bolivar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army at the Battle
of Junín (6-08-1824). -
In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first republic was proclaimed.
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However, local oligarchies promoted separation. This led to a civil war (1838-1840), in which Guatemala could not prevail
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Discouraged by the death of his wife and the internal fights between Unitarians and Federals, he emigrated to Europe, where he died in 1850.
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The Dominican Republic will not achieve independence from Spain
until 1865, after a war that left the country devastated. -
On September 23, 1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against Spain was produced. The rebellion is crushed in a short time. Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain.
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Martí dies in one of the combat actions (1895), but the revolutionary army continues to fight.
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Of this one separated in 1904, by the direct action of EE. UU, to control the Panama Canal promoted the
formation of a distinct republic.
