Independence of Latin America

Latin America

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--Was the historical process of the rebellion of its inhabitants against Spanish colonial rule and the formation of independent national states. -- It began with the proclamation of Sovereign Boards in 1809. --Some of them - especially the first that of Quito - were
repressed by fire and blood by the Spanish authorities. --The process continued until it became a true continental war.

CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE

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--Economic.
--Social.
--Ideological.
--Influence of US independence and the French Revolution.
Napoleon names king of Spain.
--French Revolution.

THE LACK OF A KING, OCCASION OF AMERICAN BOARDS

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--The rejection of Napoleon's claims to America, the loyalty to Ferdinand VII and, the illegitimacy of both Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial authorities appointed by the king. --Quito was to be the first in the history of Spanish America to proclaim, on August 10, 1809, a government of its own, not appointed by the Crown. --In Mexico, the priest Hidalgo would give in the town of Dolores the scream of independence moved exactly by the same ideals.

FROM THE BOARDS TO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE

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--The Spanish authorities repressed the first of the cities to form a Sovereign Board. They tried to prevent contagion. The viceroys of Lima and Bogotá immediately troops with the order to besiege Quito and not allow "a grain of salt" to enter. --The Juntas were not independent: they were called interim depositaries of sovereignty until the legitimate king returned. But the reaction of the Spaniards led to the polarization of positions and the Creole elites multiplied, since 1811.

HAITI AND SANTO DOMINGO

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1793 - 1802: Francois Dominique Toussaint - Louverture.

1803: Jean Jacques Dessalines definitely defeated the French troops.
1804: Declared the independence of Haiti.
1822: Haiti submits the eastern part (Dominican Republic).
1865: Dominican Republic achieves its independence.

Independence of Mexico

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1810: Wave of hunger - Miguel Hidalgo in the town of Dolores.
1811: Guadalajara.
1811 - 1815: First Constitution of Mexico - José María Morelos.
1812: Plan of Iguala: Agustin Iturbide proclaims himself emperor.
1833: Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed president of the Republic.
1839: Spain recognizes independence.

Central America

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1821: Guatemala's provinces
United Provinces of the Center of America.
Capital: City of Guatemala.
1824: Central American Federal Republic.
1838: José Francisco Morazán - separation.
1838 - 1840: Civil War
1841: England invaded Belize.
1904: Panama part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada.

Independence of Cuba

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1848: Scream of Yara.
First War of Independence called Ten Years War or Big War.
Jose Martí organizes the Cuban Revolutionary Party.
1898: The US declares war on Spain.
1899: Cuba proclaimed its independence.

The Case of Puerto Rico

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1868: the Scream of Lares.
The rebellion is crushed in a short time.
-Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain.
-Puerto Rico is still administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country .
-Consequently, it is not an independent country.

Brazil-Monarchy Independence

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1807: Napoleon invaded Portugal, Juan VI took refuge in Brazil
1815: Juan VI promoted a legal reform - Brazil: the territorial base of the "Empire of Brazil, Portugal and the Algarve".
1821: Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil.
1822: He proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil.
1831: He abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II.
1889: Portugal recognized its independence.

Military campaigns

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--"Liberator" Admirable Campaign: Mérida and Caracas.
--Fernando VII Cádiz, 1815 The greatest Spain force.
Simón Bolivar
vs.
Pablo Morillo

New Granada y Venezuela

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--1817: Bolívar, Piar, Páez and others reactivated the war.
--1818: Bolivar faced and defeated Morillo in Calabozo.
--1819: Acrossed the Andes, in Pantano de Vargas battle, the independence of new Granada was sealed.
--1821: A Venezuelan´s victory in the battle of Carabobo gave Venezuela its independence.
--Final victory June 25th, 1821

Ecuador

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--1809: Quito First Call for Independence.
--1810: Quito's massacre.
--1820: Independence of Guayaquil Oct 9th.
--1822: Patriot army led by Antonio José de Sucre Pichincha's Triumph.
--Final victory May 24th, 1822.

Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay

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--1810: Buenos Aires 3 failed attempts.
--1811: Asunción Spontaneous Revolution set Paraguay free, Jose Artigas Banda Oriental Las Piedras Battle, Montevideo besiege.
--1816: San Martín United Provinces of South America,
Federalists vs. Centralists.
--1825: Uruguay entered in a war with Brazil.
--ARGENTINA Final victory Febrary 1st, 1820 Battle of Cepeda.
--URUGUAYFinal victory 1828.

Independence of Chile

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--1810: First Junta September 18th.
--1814: Royalist victory in Rancagua, O' Higgins ran away to Mendoza Argentina and O' Higgins & San Martín Army of the Andes.
--1817: O' Higgins & San Martín crossed the Andes mountains and Battle of Chacabuco.
--1818: Royalist victory Cancha Rayada and Battle of Maipú.
--Final victory April 5th, 1818.

Peru

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--1820: San Martín leaves Chile.
--July 5th, 1821: San Martín arrives to Lima.
--July, 28th 1821: San Martín, Declares the Independence.
--1824: Battle of Junin and battle of Ayacucho.
--Final victory December 9th, 1824.

Guayaquil July 26th & 27th, 1822 - Complete freedom of AmericaRoyalist in Perú.

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José de San Martín
-Protector of Peru.
-San Martin gave Bolivar the initiative of the war.
-Quit from the government of Peru and went back to Argentina. Simón Bolivar
-Liberator, President of the Gran Colombia.
-Take command of an expedition to Peru.
-Battle of Junin and Battle of Ayacucho.

San Martin and Bolivar

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--In their meetings in Guayaquil Bolívar, Liberator and president of Gran Colombia, and San Martín, protector of Peru, spoke about what was missing to complete the freedom of America: the defeat of the last realistic stronghold in Peru. --Surprisingly, San Martín gave Bolívar the initiative of the war completely. He returned to Lima, resigned from the government of Peru, and returned home to Mendoza, Argentina.

End of the war of Independence

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--Bolívar was authorized by the Congress of Gran Colombia to take command of an expedition to Peru. He arrived in Lima and met with Sucre and the Peruvian leaders to plan the attack. Bolívar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army in battle. --Four months later, while Bolívar had gone to Lima to raise more money and receive a new contingent of troops, Sucre was forced to do battle and destroyed the last stronghold of the Spanish army at the Battle of Ayacucho, which ended Spanish rule.

Unidad Educativa Técnico Salesiano

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Torres Santiago, 9A The Independence of Latin America