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Martin Luther, a German monk wrote "the ninety-five theses" in which he protests against catholism and Indulgences being sold. It will spread through Europe. In 1521, Luther will be excommunicated because of this book. -
The New Testament is translated into English by William Tyndale -
Henry VIII wants to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, the Pope will reject request. It will progressively led to Henry VIII’s break with Rome and the Catholicism. -
The act of supremacy gives the right to Henry VIII to be the supreme head of the Church of England. It will provoc a schism. The same year, the act of succession makes Ann Boleyn, Henry VIII´s new wife, the legitimate queen. -
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The book of prayers is a number of prayer books used in the Anglican Communion.
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In the second act of supremacy, Elizabeth declared herself Supreme Governor of the Church of England. -
Pope Puis V called Elizabeth I a "so-called queen" and a "heretic favouring heretics" and excommunicated her. He also almost gives a licence to the catholic to kill her without any repercutions. In response, she made being a treason to say she wasn’t the queen. -
Mary Stuart, queen of Scots and Elizabeth’s cousin, was a threat to Elizabeth for being a catholic and her legitime heir.
Afraid that Mary could replace her, Elizabeth kept her imprisoned for 19 years. After finding a letter between Mary and some young Catholics who were planning to kill Elizabeth, she had Mary executed. -
The King of Spain, Philip II, supported many plots against Elizabeth, mostly because she supported the Dutch revolt against Spain. For this reason, he tried, and fail, to invade England. This victory was important for Elizabeth because it proved to the English nation her legitimacy. She gave a speech during this invasion, the Tilbury speech that served as an inspiration for the English soldiers. -
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The gubnpowder plot was a conspiracy devised by a small group of catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I because he continued Elizabeth harsh repressive laws. -
In 1607, the first english colonies were formed in north america and more precisely in Virginia were they established jamestown, the first permanent settlement. -
In 1609, and until 1610, a colonists went through a period of starvation that left only 60 survivors of the 500 colonists. -
In 1610, a financial reform was imposed to help the financial issues of England and of the king, the Great Contract was the centerpiece of this reform. -
The thirty years' war is a war that last 30 years, giving it this name. It starts in 1618 as a fought between Roman Catholics and Protestants in Germany. One of the reason that starts this conflict is the arranged marriage between James I's daughter and a Protestant prince of Palatine.
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The Personal rule is an 11 years period, also called The Eleven Years Tyranny, during which the King ruled without a Parliament. It endend in 1640 when Charles I needed money to fight Scots so he had to call a Parliament (the short parliament).
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In 1637, a new prayer book came out but the changes it had were deemed unacceptable. This will cause riot and the start od the scottish crisis.
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In 1641, Parliament made reforms to take away some of the King's power : the militia act daying that the army should be place under the control of a general choosed by Parliament. And, the Grand Remonstrance, a document stipulating the right of the House of commons to choose thr king's ministers. -
After Charles I's execution, England known a period of interregnum.
During this Interregnum period, they were two phases, the Commonwealth, from 1649 to 1653 when the country was governed by its people instead of a king.
Then from 1653 to 1660, the Cromwellian Protectorate, it was a military dictatorship with Cromwell for its leader named Lord Protector. -
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The monarchy got restored with Charles II
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Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven years' war, britain gained Florida over the Spanish and most of canada over the french.
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Between 1775 and 1783, England lost a huge part of their colonies in america, because of the American War of Independance, marking the end of 'the First British Empire"
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The Acts of Union created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and ireland.