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the belief that Peter was the first pope with the key given by Jesus, this gives bishops in Roman superiority in becoming pope as they claim that they are the descendant of Peter
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One became Byzantine Empire ,which will adopt Greek, and the other became the Western Empire, which kept the use of Latin
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The edict issued by Constantine, which gives religious freedom to Christians, and returned their past properties. Christians were no longer persecuted.
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Adopted in the city of Nicaea, determined that Jesus was both fully human and fully divine,
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The city was attacked by the Visigoths, seen as a major landmark of the fall of Rome
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Gives perfect protection for the city, protects the city from sea and land, stayed there until Ottoman empire took it down
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kings of France
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Expanded the Frankish Kingdom, a warrior king, ruled by killing relatives, adopted Christianity
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developed Justinian Code, a civil law in contrast to twelve tables; Justinian married Theodora and together they tried to conquest lost Roman lands but failed, built Hagia Sophia
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Greek Orthodox Church built by Justinian, famous for its architectural styles which combined Greco-Roman and middle Eastern style
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Muhammad conquered Mecca with ten thousand force
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Because Ali did not have any direct heir. Great dispute happened. Sunni believed that whoever is the most capable should rule while the minority Shiites believe that the new leader should a family member of Ali.
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an Islamic shrine built in Jerusalem, built by Caliph Umayyad; it's believed that Muhammad went to heaven through the rock
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Fought by Islamic Caliph and Charles Martel, in which Martel, stopped Islam from spreading in Spain
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the prevented Western Europe from Islam Conquest, raised Charles' status in Christian world. Charles laid the foundations for the Carolingian dynasty. Known as Charles the Hammer.
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The family comes from palace of Austrasia, Charles Martel's sons and Carloman split the Frankish Empire after Charles died, later Charlemagne reunited the Empire
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cultural center of Islamic and Arabic civilization, the geography brings Persian influence into Arabic Islam regions
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After the Battle of Tours, the Islam under Umayyad Empire continued to threaten the Carolingians. Embassies were formed and two leaders sent presents to each other including an elephant named Abu 'Abbas. This alliance brings Islamic influence to Christianity.
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Charlemagne: Father of Europe, puts emphasis on education therefore led to Renaissance. Defended Pope Leo III and the Pope in return crowned him as the Roman Emperor. He brings Germanic tribes, Roman and Christian culture together.
Agreement is achieved through the treaty called Pax Nicephori. Two emperors negotiated boundaries.