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- Henry VIII was born in 1491, the son of Henry VII (the first Tudor King)
- Henry was 17 when he became king in 1509. He died in 1547.
Under his reign , the church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church (1534). This is called a schism.
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He wrote “The Ninety-Five Theses” 1517.
- Salvation was free and one did not have to pay.
- Priest declaring that buying could free a man of his sins was lying.
- Christians who were seeking pardon should turn to charity instead of buying expensive letters of pardon.
On 31 October 1517, Luther nailed this devastating critique of indulgences to the door of the University in Wittenberg.
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The Tyndale Bible was published in 1526 by William Tyndale.
- The Tyndale Bible is the first English-language translation of the New Testament from the Greek text
- And of several books of the Old Testament from the Hebrew text.
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The king was made “Supreme Head of the Church of England”
- That is when the schism happened
- The King’s Great Matter had led England to break from the Roman Catholic Church
- The break with Rome was gradual.
- It was mostly political move.
- Henry did not support most Protestant ideas.
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held in the Italian city of Trent.
- The Roman catholic church attempted to correct some of the abuses of the church.
- And harshly condemned protestant heresies.
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- Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
- He was only 9 when his father died
- During his reign a series of measures pushed England towards Protestantism
- Edward himself was fiercely Protestant.
- Edward VI was 15 when he died from tuberculosis in 1553.
By that time, the country was virtually bankrupt.
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- Roman Catholic practices were eradicated.
- The marriage with clergy was allowed.
- The imposition of the Prayer Book led to rebellions in Cornwall and Devon.
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- Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
First Queen regnant
- She restored Catholicism in 18 months.
- She repealed the Protestant legislation of her father and half-brother.
- She was married to the very catholic Philip II of Spain.
- The marriage made her ally with Spain in a war against France.
- Her death in 1558 was greeted as she had turned the nation against her.
Also known as Bloody Mary
- over 200 Protestants went to the stake
- Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
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- Protestantism was confined to secrecy as heretics were burned between 1555 and 1558.
- Under Mary’s brief reign, over 200 Protestants went to the stake (burnt alive).
- Protestants were forced to leave the country and fled to the Continents (Switzerland) = They were the “Marian exiles”
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- She was an unmarried woman
She needed to prove her legitimacy as Queen.
- She had to appease religious tensions after 25 years of religious change.
- Her reign is associated with the idea of a Golden Age for the country.
Also known as The Virgin Queen
- She was an unmarried woman
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Church Organisation
- Abolished the authority of the Pope
- Restored the authority of the Queen over the Church
- Elizabeth I became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”
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Religious belief
- Every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer
- People who did not attend an Anglican service were fined.
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- stated the doctrine (religious belief) of the Church
- 3 important changes :
A new ecclesiology (conception of the Church)
A new doctrine of Salvation (doctrine du salut)
A new definition of sacraments and of the mass - still in use today
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- He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots
- James was proclaimed King of Scotland in 1567
- He was crowned King of England in 1603 on Elizabeth’s death
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- Rebellion against religious reforms.
- 6000 insurgents.
- An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth by Mary, Queen of Scots.
- The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland.
- It was crushed.
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Pope Pius V issued the papal bull “Regnans in Excelsis”- It called Elizabeth “The so-called queen”, “a heretic favouring heretics”.
- It excommunicated Elizabeth
- = almost giving Catholics licence to kill her with the certainly that it would not be seen as a crime by Rome.
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The 1571 Treasons Act made it treason for anyone to say Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales
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Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Marie Stuart and this group. -
Why she's been executed ?
- She was Elizabeth’s cousin and was Elizabeth’s legitimate heir.
- Her closeness to France and Spain endangered the English kingdom.
- To Catholics, she was the legitimate heir. She represented hope for a return back to roman Catholicism.
She was dressed on red because red was “the liturgical color of martyrdom in the Catholic Church".
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Reasons for victory
- A material advantage on the side of England.
- Under Elizabeth, a new fleet (une flotte) was constructed : modern fleet of 800 ships.
- Invention of a new strategy by England : line battle Used the Dutch strategy of incendiary ships
- A human advantage on the side of England
- Recruiting efforts had been realised
Also known as "the Invincible Armada"
- A material advantage on the side of England.
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- It began to build up a small empire of trading posts in India. Three main trading settlements: Bombay (Mumbai), Calicut (Calcutta), Madras (Chennai)
- The East India Company allowed England to control the trade of luxury goods like spices, cotton, silk, and tea from India and China, and influenced politics.
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- A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I.
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- The first permanent settlement
(1585 : a failed attempt by Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a settlement in Roanoke, Virginia) - Named after James I
- The first permanent settlement
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Period of starvation, only 60 of the 500 colonists survived!
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The centrepiece of the financial reforms was the “Great Contract” of 1610:
- The King would receive a fixed sum
- But some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore to get money (the king would be financially independent)
- The House of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great Contract
James dismissed Parliament
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Cause of the war
- The Elector Palatine was invited to take the throne of protestant Bohemia in place of the Emperor Ferdinand Habsburg.
- The Emperor sent his army; he was supported by Catholic Spain
- The Elector Palatine was supported by German princes, Scandinavia, France, the Dutch Republic
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- Firmly believed in the Divine right of Kings.
- He interpreted all criticism as a challenge to his authority.
- Married the French princess Henrietta Maria (absolutist + Catholic)
- Favoured a minority wing of Anglicans : the ARMINIANS (wished to restore traditional ceremonies and increase the authority of bishops and the clergy)
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Member of Parliaments complaints: Petition of Rights (1628)
- They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial.
- Wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his powers.
- Charles reluctantly signed it but was furious, and as Member of Parliaments were discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, he suspended parliament seating.
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The MPs passed the Three Resolutions (1629)
- Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the Protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom
- As well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent.
= an act of open defiance
- Charles imprisoned these MPs and dissolved Parliament.
- He declared there would be no more parliaments = start of the “Personal Rule”
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- 11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament.
- Whig Historians called it “The Eleven Years Tyranny”.
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Following the 1603 Union of the Crowns, Scotland and England began to share the same monarch.
Scotland was Calvinist (Protestant too, but different religious practices/England)
The Kirk = the Church of Scotland
The General Assembly = the Kirk’s governing body.In 1637 King Charles I attempted to draw the Church of Scotland (Calvinist) into line with the Church of England (Anglican). Widespread public discontent.
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An important document voted by Parliament after heated debates.
- It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on "revolutionary" demands:
- the right of the House of commons to choose the King's ministers
- the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland for Parliament to reform the Church
ROYALIST VS PARLIAMENTARIANS
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Parliament passed the Militia Act (1641):
- the army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament.
- taking away the King’s ability to appoint whoever he wanted !
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- 4 key factors leading to Civil War:
- Religious divisions
- Financial problems
- Relations between King and Parliament
- Governing three kingdoms
- Made worse in the 1620s by:
- Thirty years’ war
- Charles’ personality
- The Scottish Rebellion
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The King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots (he promised to introduce Presbyterianism/Calvinism into England, in return the Scottish army would invade England and restore him to power)
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- Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader Member of Parliaments.
- The remainder MPs (named the Rump Parliament = le Parlement Croupion) put the King on trial for high treason
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March 1649: Monarchy and House of Lords abolished, England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic).
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= Between 2 reigns, between 2 kings
- England declared as “Commonwealth” = governed by its people without a King
- But failure to reach stability and creation of a military protectorate ruled by Cromwell
During the interregnum, many experiments with republican forms of government.
But main problem: any republican regime needed the support of both :- The propertied classes who wanted stability and order
- The army who wanted religious toleration and reforms
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- An Adultery Act of May 1650 imposed the death penalty for incest and adultery and three months imprisonment for fornication.
- The Blasphemy Act of August 1650 was aimed at curbing extreme religious "enthusiasm".
- To stop extreme evangelicals from preaching, they formed a Committee for the Propagation of the Gospel, which issued licenses to preach.
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England’s first and only written constitution
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- His son Richard became Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months
- This led to a period of Anarchy. 7 governments in less than a year ! People longed for a return to order, increasing support for monarchy
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It promised:
- A general amnesty (pardon)
- To continue religious toleration
- To share power with Parliament -
- Son of Charles I
1660 : Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda.
It promised:- A general amnesty
- To continue religious toleration
- To share power with Parliament
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- Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II
- Fear: James as king would implement pro-Catholic politics + might try to restore absolute monarchy, threatening Parliament.
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- Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne.
- Charles’ reaction: dissolving the Parliament.
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- In 1688, Parliament invited the King’s son in law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown!
- He landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistance
- James’ army disintegrated, officers deserted. > - James II fled to France and William became King William III
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Established religious pluralism, and freedom of worship for all Protestants -
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- Lists King James’ misdeeds
- Fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers
- Set out the rights of Parliament
- Set out basic civil rights
- A key political text
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- Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heir
- Successor: Hanoverian descendants of James I
- Key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain
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Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain: England (and Wales) and Scotland, old dream of James I
- Scotland had being occupied under Cromwell
- Under Restoration: regained control of its own Parliament but the King of England was Scotland’s Monarch
- Always threat of French invasion through Scotland, or rising in favour of James
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(= Queen Anne’s War), Britain gained Acadia over the French
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Britain gained Florida over the Spanish and (most of) Canada over the French
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Grievances against George III
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Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States -
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France
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Britain at war with France Combatting revolutionary ideology + maritime, colonial and economic motives
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- an uprising against British rule in Ireland
- Influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions
- Presbyterian radicals + Catholics
- Rebels defeated (/atrocities)
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Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- Merged the Parliament of Ireland into the Parliament of the UK