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King Charles I of Spain rules Netherlands
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King Charles I of Spain became Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
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Emperor Charles V beat uprising against taxes in Ghent; nine leaders beheaded, one hanged
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Emperor Charles V gave control of Low Countries to Son, King Philip II of Spain
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Duke of Alba became guardian of Netherland
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William I, Prince of Orange, led revolt against Spanish government; Duke of Alba declared William of Orange an outlaw; Holy office condemned all inhabitants of Netherlands to death as heretics; Eighty Years' War(Dutch Revolt) began
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(1572) William of Orange became viceroy of Holland, Friesland, Utrecht; town of Naarden surrendered to Spanish, town burned, all residents massacred
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Netherlands' 17 provinces united in Pacification of Ghent; formed federation to maintain peace; Spanish forces attached Antwerp (the Spanish Fury)
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Treaty of Utrecht signed, beginning of Dutch Republic. Treaties of Utrecht, also called Peace of Utrecht, treaties between France and other European powers.
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States of Utrecht outlawed Catholic worship
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Dutch declared independence from Spain
