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When Hobbes was writing the Leviathan he thought that including a message about the political conditions in England was essential to restore to restore peace and order of his country. The introduction states "NATURE (the art whereby God hath made and governs the world) is by the art of man, " this means that he believed that man helped create what is of the world today. https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/165hobbes.html
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The social contract talks about the best way to establish a political community. Incase of a problem of the commercial society the social contract could help solve an argument. It helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe. https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/rousseau1762.pdf
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When they would meet they would have equal number of representatives but be in different chambers. The first and second estate were normally on the same side but the third estate always went against them. https://www.thoughtco.com/french-revolution-estates-general-1789-1221879
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It was a commitment to a national constitution and representative government. 577 deputies took an oath, and together, they pledged to remain assembled until a new national constitution had been drafted and implemented.
https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/tennis-court-oath/#:~:text=The%20Tennis%20Court%20Oath%20was%20a%20pledge%20taken,Third%20Estate%20gathered%20to%20meet%20on%20June%2020th%2C -
This happened in Paris, France. It was seen by the revolutionaries as a symbol of the monarchy's abuse of power; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution. https://www.bing.com/search?q=July+14%2C+1789+-+Storming+of+the+Bastille&cvid=c506ec75d0a8479d8fa7ff33a14c7469&FORM=ANAB01&PC=DCTS
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It was adopted by the National Constituent Assembly and was the first step to the writing of the Constitution of France. The concepts of the declaration came from the enlightenment like individualism and social contract. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen#:~:text=The%20last%20article%20of%20the%20Declaration%20of%20the,first%20step%20toward%20writing%20a%20constitution%20for%20France.
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This consists of violent conflicts between white colonist and black slaves. Runaway slaves grew in population and started to carry out "hit-and-run" attacks throughout the colony. https://feedthepeopletumaini.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-haitian-revolution-slave-rebellion.html
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The death of King Louis XVI was sentenced by the French National Convention. To rescue his financial issues he assembled the three estates of the French people. It consisted of the nobles, the clergy, and the commons. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/king-louis-xvi-executed
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The reign of terror started 4 years earlier from the Storming of Bastille. The French Revolution was ended on July 27, 1974 when Robespierre was removed from his power and executed. During the war there was a group called Committee the Public. Another group was run by Robespierre called the Jacobins.
https://www.ducksters.com/history/french_revolution/reign_of_terror.php#:~:text=The%20Reign%20of%20Terror%20began%20on%20September%205%2C,of%20men%20called%20the%20Committee%20of%20Public%20Safety. -
the French abolished slavery 71 years before America. With the revolution coming, mixed-race free men of Saint Domingue began to speak out about the lack of rights the blacks had. They took the matter to the National Assembly of France. https://newsone.com/2183397/france-slavery/
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The constitution that made up the directory is made up of the council of five hundred(lower house) and the council on ancients(upper house). The first directory was established on October 31, 1795. When the directory was established people thought that the revolution was over.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/structure-of-the-directory/ -
The War of knives was a civil war fought with knives that lasted 5 months. The war was very violent on both sides, Rigaud and Toussaint's. Though Toussaint was known to be relatively non-violent he was allied with a very deadly man, Jean- Jacques Dessalines.
https://blog.uwgb.edu/revolutionary-connections/misery/#:~:text=On%20June%2016%2C%201799%2C%20Rigaud%20commenced%20the%20war%20of%20knives.&text=Rigaud%20would%20flee%20Saint%20Domingue,to%20regain%20control%20of%20Haiti. -
The constitution retained the monarchy. This particular franchise was completely off limits to the "active" citizens. Only about 2/3 of the men had the right to vote for electors and local officials. This constitution lasted less than a year.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Constitution-of-1791-French-history -
There has been a total of 23 constitutions throughout Haiti's history. This constitution was referred to as Toussaint Louverture's
Constitution. The representatives of the St. Domingue colony, arrested and established the constitutional bases of the regime of the French colony. They did not allow there to be slaves on their lands.
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/currentstudents/undergraduate/modules/fulllist/second/en213/syllabus2017-18/haitian_constitution_1801.pdf -
During the Arcahale Congress the Dessalines remove the white band from the flag. It was used in Haiti during the French rule thereby creating the first Haitian flag. It also shows the alliance of blacks in their fight for freedom.
https://www.haiti.org/flag-and-coat-of-arms/#:~:text=During%20the%20Arcahaie%20Congress%2C%20Dessalines,in%20their%20fight%20for%20freedom. -
Dessalines was given to French West Indian colony of Saint-Domingue as a slave. He worked for them until he joined a slave rebellion that broke out because of the French Revolution. After that he disguised himself as a lieutenant. In 1893 napoleon declared he wanted to reintroduce slavery. Black leader, including Dessaline, up rose in a rebellion.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Jacques-Dessalines -
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A catholic priest launched a Mexican war of independence with the issuing of his, Grito de Dolores, or “Cry of Dolores”. This war called for the end of Spanish rule, redistribution of land, and racial equality. He was defeated but not long after, other peasant leader rose up and led their armies against the Spanish and the Royalists.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spain-accepts-mexican-independence#:~:text=On%20September%2016%2C%201810%2C%20Miguel,town%20of%20Dolores%2C%20Mexico). -
He arrived in Spain when he was 16 and later moved to France. While he was in Europe he learned about the Enlightenment. This encouraged him to overthrow the reigning Spanish in South America. Then, Simon Bolivar entered the city of Santiago de los Caballeros de mérida, leading the invasion of Venezuela.
https://stampaday.wordpress.com/2018/05/24/simon-bolivar-el-libertador-de-venezuela/#:~:text=On%20May%2024%2C%201813%2C%20South,(%E2%80%9CThe%20Liberator%E2%80%9D). -
The Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 sparked the creoles in Spanish colonies to struggle for independence. But Peru remained loyal because of his conservative attitude towards the Peruvian aristocracy. Peru's independence was achieved primarily by outsiders.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Peru/Achievement-of-independence -
The Gran Columbia was a nation that covered much of the modern Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador. The people who ran it were Bolivar as the president and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president. Bolivar soon took over the task of fully liberating Peru.
http://www.galenfrysinger.com/colombia_cartagena_plaza_bolivar.htm#:~:text=On%20September%207%2C%201821%20the%20Gran%20Colombia%20%28a,and%20Francisco%20de%20Paula%20Santander%20as%20vice%20president.
