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Jan 1, 1500
Animism
Animism is the belief that all things had a spirit and an afterlife. Their spirits were immortal and existed outside of the bodies housing them. This was the religion held by the Native Americans (First Nations People) before the arrival of the Europeans. -
Jan 1, 1500
Shamanism
Presence of a shaman, someone who is close to spirits and said to be the bridge between the two worlds. It was part of the belief system held by the Native Americans before the arrival of the Europeans. -
Catholicism
The primary religion in New France which consisted of the Parish (priests, bishops, etc.). It was the religion held by the French, and was enforced in New France, because it was a French colony. -
Absolutism
A political ideology by which the king believes he has received his power from God. He believes he is the sole representative of God on Earth. Absolutism was the method of distribution of power enforced in New France by the Europeans. -
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Liberalism
A political ideology based on the thought of all individuals having equal rights, including protection from the abuse of the monarch’s power. Liberal ideas came to be, through the press. These ideas soon turned into political demands.This led to the demands of the British merchants and Canadian professionals for a legislative assembly. -
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Imperialism
An ideology that advocates the political, cultural, economic and/or military dominated exerted by the Mother Country on the colony. With the change of empire, the English Canadians were imperialists, meaning that they believed in Great Britain exerting its control over the colony. -
Nationalism
Identifies a nation as a group sharing common characteristics and refers to an individual’s sense of belonging to a nation. French Canadians got the idea of Canadians Nationalism, they wanted their own government and wanted to live in a french catholic nation. English Nationalism: English wanted Canada to be run like a British colony with Protestantism and English. -
Republicanism
An ideology suggesting that the people should govern themselves. After the failure of the Patriots rebellions, some of the French Canadians adopted a more radical point of view when it came to nationalism. This became known as republicanism. Like nationalism, French Canadian republicans wanted to protect the French language and culture. -
Ultramontanism
A political and religious doctrine where the Catholic Church dominates in every way, including political power. After 1840, as liberal ideas were gaining traction, the Church wanted to reclaim its authority. So, ultramontanism appeared. Ultramontanists wanted the Church to dominate in every way. -
Anticlericalism
The idea that the Church should not meddle in political life, or censor cultural and intellectual life. The opposite of Ultramontanism. After 1840, liberal ideas continued to spread through the press. In 1844, some French Canadians opened the Institut Canadien de Montreal , a place for intellectual discussion. The Church was very much opposed to this. -
French Canadian Nationalism
View that encouraged a French Canada. Desire for Canada to be autonomous and separate from Great Britain. Due to industrialization, many French Canadians began to leave the Quebec countryside and go work in factories in the US. So, French Canadian Nationalism became survival nationalism, because they wanted to keep their culture alive. They also wanted Quebec to control its economy. -
Agriculturalism
The view that agricultural life was the solution to counter urbanization. Agriculturalism was seen as the solution to industrialization/capitalism and the emigration of French Canadians. It promoted the idea of returning to the land and having traditional religious and familial values. -
Conservatism
The Catholic church promoted values essential for the survival of French Canadian culture. As society was moving forward, becoming more liberal and secular, the Church wanted to promote a traditional way of life that would allow for the survival of French Canadian culture. For example, they tried to close movie theaters, keep Sundays as the holy day, and ban films. -
Cooperatism
Counted on by French Canadians to raise the capital necessary for rural development. Allowed for the pooling of savings French Canadian traditionalists used this to allow for the pooling of savings, which were used to modernize agriculture and colonize new areas. Caisses populaires were opened, such as Desjardins. -
Socialism
Against the concentration of wealth within a few people. This was seen as a solution for capitalism. -
Communism
Wanted the end of the capitalist system by sharing everything. It was seen as a solution for capitalism. Example: The Red Scare 1920 -
Fascism
The restoration of traditional order by authoritarian means. It was seen as a solution for capitalism. -
Secularism
The separation of the church and the state. Although this idea had been in place since the British Rule, it became relevant once again as society became more liberal. In 1948, the Refus Global was published, a manifesto written by artists and intellectuals denouncing the Church and the traditional way of life. Politicians such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Gerard Pelletier also denounced traditionalism. -
Reformism
Encourages social change that fights poverty and other consequences of industrialization. People wanted to combat the effects of industrialization on society, and so this meant fighting for equality and against poverty. So, mainly women created organizations in which they wanted to involve themselves in health and education, because they still saw women as having their traditional role (homemakers, educators, etc.) -
Capitalism
Economic system in which private companies run the economy. It benefits the rich and the poor people stay poor. Capitalism emerged with industrialization, because wealthy people opened factories and had people work there for a very low salary. This allowed for the rich to get richer and the poor to stay poor, as the wealth accumulated for the business owners. This also caused cities to divide up by socioeconomic status. -
Americanism
The influence of American ideas on Quebec culture. After the Second World War, Quebec was prosperous, and people had more money to invest in entertainment. Thanks to TV, movies, songs, dances, etc., American culture made its way into Quebec society. -
Interventionism
Ideology encouraging state control of education, health, and social services (the state intervenes). After the death of Maurice Duplessis, Jean Lesage’s liberal government was able to take power and implement interventionist policies. -
Feminism
A social movement in which women fight for suffrage and social, economic, and political equality. The reformist organizations didn’t have much influence, because women couldn’t vote or have impact politically. So, women added suffrage to their demands. These views clashed with those of the Church and of French Canadian Nationalists, but they got the right to vote in Canada in the 1920s and in Quebec in 1940. -
Aboriginalism
Aboriginal people assert their concept of a nation. In the 1970s, hydroelectric projects expanded and required the flooding of traditional Amerindian land. The Aboriginal peoples hoped that they could get their rights recognized, and the government signed the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement which promised to consult the Innus and Inuits concerning these conflicts. -
Neoliberalism
Idea that the government shouldn’t intervene in the economy and should let it function on its own. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Quebec government started privatizing companies because they were in debt. In reaction to this, this ideology emerged.
