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The Crusades were a series of intermittent Papal sanctioned military campaigns beginning in the late 11th century.
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The Crusades began with a call to arms by Pope Urban II who was responding to a request for military support for the Byzantine Empire.
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The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the Roman Empire
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During the time of the Roman Empire, many Romans migrated in Scotland and settled there.
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When the Romans moved into Scotland, they influenced the Scottish architecture with their own.
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The new architecture and other elements caused Scotland to go into the Scottish Enlightenment, with advances in all fields.
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Adam Smith was a major politician who contributed his ideas to Scotland during the Scottish Enlightenment.
