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King Phillip II becomes king of Spain. He is considered the "Most Catholic King". He fought succesfully agaisnt the Turks, but lost the Spanish Armada agaisnt the English.
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King Phillip tried to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands. The Netherlands rebelled agaisnt Philip. He sent 10,000 troops to end the rebillion. This resistence finally ended in 1609 with a truce.
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King Philip II sent the Spanish Armada to invaded England. His plan was to overthrow Protestantism in England. The English ships were faster and defeated the Spanish Armada. After the battle, the Spanish Armada was hit by a storm.
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In France, there was a civil war called the French Wars of Religion. It was fought between the Huguenots and the ulta-Catholics. Henry IV was a Huguenot political leader who converted to Catholicism so that he would be accepted by Catholic France. When he was crowned king, the fighting stopped.
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There was a religious problem in France when Henry IV was king. The civil war between the Huguenots and the ultra-Catholics had just ended, but there was still a problem. The Edict of Nantes recognized Catholicism as the official religion and allowed the Huguenots the right to worship.
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The Thirty Years' war began with Catholic forces led by Holy Roman Emperors against Protestant nobles in Bohemia. The war became more political as Denmark, Sweden, France, and Spain entered the war. Germany was being destroyed by major European powers. The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War.
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A civil war broke out in England in 1642 between the Cavaliers (supporters of the king) and Roundheads (parliament forces). Oliver Cromwell led the parliament forces to victory. He then removed all Parliament members that did not support him. This Rump Parliament had Charles I excuted.
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This act allowed Puritans the right to free public worship. However, Catholics did not have the right to free public worship. Few English citizens were persecuted for religion after this act was passed.
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