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The Protestant Reformation was initiated by the theses written by Martin Luther. The Protestants began to pick at the flaws within the Catholic Church, and created their beliefs off of what had been learned through the Catholic Church's failures.
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Importance: Luther wrote these theses in order to inform common people about the corruption within the Catholic Church. The theses, for instance, called out the Pope's for using the money provided from the poor to gain wealth. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Works_of_Martin_Luther,_with_introductions_and_notes/Volume_1/Disputation_on_Indulgences#Ninety-five_Theses]
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The Pope banished Luther for his claims that he shared with the public. After this Luther started to translate the bible from Latin to German. Importance: This is the first time that the Bible would be written in the vernacular and allows for the common people to read it. As the Priests were typically the only one's that could read Latin, Luther made the claim that the Priests would twist the readings in order to benefit themselves and the wealth of the Church.
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The foundation of many major Protestant beliefs, through the teachings of Martin Luther. Importance: Marks a significant shift in the beliefs of the common people, and the creation of new beliefs.
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Importance: The Anglican Church created a major tie between religion and the state. The founding of this Church contrasts greatly with the shifting of ideas towards the separation of the two (Church and state). However, went along with the belief that the leader of the nation chooses the religion of the country.
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Founded by John Calvin
Believed in the sovereignty of God, and the thought that God had already decided on those who would be saved (Predestination). Importance: The establishment of Calvinism is significant in that this is another way of thinking. And through the development of several new ways of thinking will ultimately clash in the greed of power. -
The Catholic religion was greatly flawed in the selfishness of those with power, especially in relation to taking the money of the poor for their own wealth. However, through the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic religion used this as traction to reconvert and promote the Catholic Church.
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Importance: This meeting is a major turning point for the next 400 years of the Church. The reasoning behind the meeting was to clarify the multitude of questions on the doctrine. The council was also used to split up the ownership of land throughout Europe. Discussed: The council discussed a variety of topics, including "defined mass as a true sacrifice, matrimony, the authority of the pope" etc.
[https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Trent] -
Importance: The establishment of Protestantism in Scotland paints the picture of the continued spread of these new ways throughout Europe. However, this spread only extends the hunger of religious power.
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The Catholics vs. Huguenots (Calvinists) Importance: France was one of the most powerful country during the Reformation, and was very rooted in Catholicism.
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While in Paris for the marrying of two royals from the two religions, between 5-25,000 Huguenots were killed. Importance: The events of this day represent just how much the tension had grown between the two religions. And overall the consequences that were suffered as a result of the heightened tensions.
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Primarily based upon the Political Rivalries, with the objective to gain more power for the Catholic or Protestants.
Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
Denmark Phase (1625-1629)
Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
French Phase (1635-1648)
Importance: This war represents how the tension boiled over and created full blown aggression towards one another. This also represents the importance of religion in the lives of those living during this time, and how politics and power found its way into the argument as well. -
Importance: Established the idea of National Sovereignty (a nation holds the right to govern within its borders). Created the modern Nation-State, where countries were formed around the commonalities of the people such as language and overall culture. Most importantly decided that the local leaders held the power to choose the faith of the country.