-
On 1 December 1874, Cánovas wrote a manifiesto, signed in Sandhurst, where he promised a constitutional government
-
In 1875 the monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII of Bourbon. It's possible by two processes:
-Through yhe political manoeuvring of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
-Through a military revolution (pronuciamiento) by General Martínez Campos -
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) was founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1879 and was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period
-
When Alfonso XII was death in 1885, the Restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina
-
Catalan nationalism, demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. In 1892, its proposals were declared in the Bases de Manresa, written by Prat de la Riba
-
War erupted in the Pacific (the Philippines) and the Atlantic (Cuba and Puerto Rico). In both conflicts, Spanish fleets were destroyed by the US. Spain was forced to sign the 1898 Treaty of Paris, where they recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines
-
Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902 in a political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo's political system
-
Spanish occupation of its protectorate led to a war with the inhabitants of the Rif; a war that in 1909 required reservists to be called up, the majority of whom were fathers. This set off violent protests in Barcelona, which became known as the Tragic Week of 1909. The harsh repression by Maura's conservative government caused the liberals to break their pact of rotation with him.
-
Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco in what was known as the Disaster at Annual, resulting in 10000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing influencing public opinion.
-
On 13 September 1923 there are a coup d'état by General Primo de Rivera, he imposed a dictatorship supported by the king.
Primo de Rivera suspended the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited political parties, suppressed the labour movementr and defeated the Moroccans.
By the economic crisis, the rise in unemployment, the spread of the labour movement and nationalist problems forced to Primo de Rivera to resign in January of 1930. -
The proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic consisted of the establishment on April 14, 1931 of the new republican political regime that succeeded the constitutional monarchy of Alfonso XIII de Borbón.
-
After the Second Republic was proclaimed, a provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931.
The Second Republic established a wide range of rights (expression, assembly, association) and popular sovereignty, separation of powers, universal male and female suffrage, regional autonomy and separation of church and state. -
The new government halted the majority of the previous reforms, which led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This sparked the October Revolution of 1934, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona.
-
Political violence reached its peak in what was known as the Tragic Spring of 1936, consisting of a wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists,
-
On 17 July 1936 began the civil War by the coup d'état. The country was divided in two zones, the Republican zone and the Nationalist zone. The General Francisco Franco was conquering territory and The Civil War ended on 1 April 1939
-
The war then moved to the Cantabrian coast and involved harsh battles as reflected by the bombing of Gernika by the German air force's Condor Legion on 26 April 1937. The German air force enabled the insurgents to control key industrial and mining areas.
-
The war then moved to the Mediterranean, where the insurgents intented to divide the Republican zone in two. To prevent this from happening, the Republicans launched an offensive known as the "Battle of the Ebro" in 1938 that led to many casualties on both sides. The insurgents advanced, took Catalonia in 1939 and entered Madrid with no resistance. The Civil War ended on 1 April 1939.
