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an Iranian state. Had an established faith of Zoroastrianism & Christianity. Islam was formed as a religiopolitical movement in the Sasanid Empire.
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Eastern part of the Roman Empire. Established Christianity as official religion. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
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Capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine.
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schism lies in the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. Dynasty of Musliam caliphs. From their capital, Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Was King of the Franks who established the Carolingian Empire through military conquest, He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire. During his reign, he conquered part of Italy & Germany. He sponsored a brief intellectual revival.
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Descendants of the prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate & ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad.
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A strong army created by the Fatimid dynasty. Were nomadic people from central Asia. The Turks converted to Islam & prospered as soldiers from the Abbasid Csliphate. Took political & military control of the Abbasid caliphate.
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Armed pilgrimages to the Italy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to Western Europe's centuries of intellectual & cultural isolation.
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gained control of Iran & much of Central Asia through conquest. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as Orthodox & his descendants. Maintained the empire for nearly a century & founded the Mughal Empire in India.
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nephew of the Jurdish commander, who took advantage of Nur al-Din's death to seize power & unify Syria & Egypt. Captured Jerusalem in 1187 from the Europeans. In 1250 his dynasty fell when Turkish Mamulks seized control of the gov't.
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The title of Temijin when he ruled the Mongols. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire.
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The attack on the medieval powers of Poland, Kiev, Hungary & miscellaneous of proto-Russian tribes.
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Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim Invaders. The Delhi Sultanate is responsible for introducing water control systems in Northern India.
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A feudal document that gave written recognition to the fact that the relationship between King & Vassals was based on mutual rights & obligations
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The kingdom controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south & that carried gold & other luxuries.
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the last powerful king of Mali. He doubled the size of the kingdom of Mali. Created a strong central gov't & divided the kingdom of Mali into provinces ruled by appointed governers.
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Created a powerful Empire in central Mexico & forced defeated people to provide goods & labor as tax (tribute system).
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one of the largest Islamic empires in history
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A period of intense artistic intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture.
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last empire ruled by ethnic Hans.
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Was the prince of Moscow who established himself as an autocratic ruler in the late 1400s.
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largest & most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.
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1st government in history to issue paper money & banknotes. It was also the 1st government to set up a permanent standing navy.
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state established at Kiev in Ukraine by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population.
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Mesoamerican civilization that made major contributions to mathematics, astronomy & development of the calendar.
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The introduction of the camel. Traded with gold & salt in the Trans-Saharan trade.
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Unified China in the 6th century. It ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes.
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a period of progress and stability & an imperial dynasty of China. It's generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Preceded Sui Empire.