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224
Sassanid Empire
224-651 CE
Monarchy
Last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, ruled by the Sasanian Dynasty. One of the two main powers of Western Asia and Europe. Founded by Ardashir I. Lasted until Yazdegerd III lost control after a series of invasions from the Arab Caliphate. Iranian Empire. Established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islaminc Arab armies overthrew the empire. -
330
Byzantine Empire
330-1453 CE
Autocracy
Predominantly Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire. Centered in Constantinople and ruled by emperors. During its time it was one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe, especially during the Roman-Persia and Byzantine-Arab Wars. Recovered during Macedonian dynasty, rivaviling the Fatmid Caliphate. Later much of Asia Minor was lost to Seljuk Turks. Received mortal blow from the fourth crusade, divided into competing Byz Greek and Latin realms. -
330
Constantinople
330-1453 CE
Was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city. -
Apr 22, 632
Split between sunni and shi'ite
632 CE
Occurred in the decades immediately following the death of the Prophet. Split occurred because of the religion conflict going on in Islam. Sunnis: consider the caliphs to be Imams. Shi'ite: regards Ali and his descendants as the legitimate successors to Muhammad and rejects the first three caliphs. -
Apr 12, 651
Sasanid Empire
224-651 CE
Monarchy
Last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, ruled by the Sasanian Dynasty. One of the two main powers of Western Asia and Europe. Founded by Ardashir I. Lasted until Yazdegerd III lost control after a series of invasions from the Arab Caliphate. Iranian Empire. Established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islaminc Arab armies overthrew the empire. -
Apr 12, 661
Umayyad Caliphate
661-750
Caliphate
Firrst hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs. From their capital oat Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthorwn by the Abbasid Empire. After overthrowned they fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba, which lasted until 1031. -
Apr 22, 711
Muslims invade Spain
711 CE
They acquired the rich lands of the south of Spain. The mid-section they plundered to create a base of support to protect the south. They never conquered the far north. Spain at that time was ruled by the Visigoths. They practiced Arianism. The population however, was not Visigoth but Iberian and practiced Roman Catholicism. happened due to a the expanding Muslim influence in the North of Africa and the weakened state of Visigothic Kingdom due to civil wars. -
Apr 12, 750
Umayyad Caliphate
661-750
Caliphate
Firrst hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs. From their capital oat Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthorwn by the Abbasid Empire. After overthrowned they fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba, which lasted until 1031. -
Apr 12, 750
Abbasid Caliphate
750–1258\1513
Caliphate
Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al Abbas, the al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad. Slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. The caliphate also lost the Western provinces of Al Andalus, Maghreb and Ifriqiya to an Umayyad prince, the Aghlabids and the Fatimids, respectively. -
Apr 20, 1071
Seljuk Turks
1071–1325
Were a Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. They established an empire, the Great Seljuq Empire. After arriving in Persia, the Seljuqs adopted the Persian culture adopting the Persian language as the official language of the government. -
Apr 19, 1095
Crusades
1095-1204
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Eruorpe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. Because of internal conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim. -
Apr 18, 1100
Aztec Civilization
1100 - 1521 CE
Ethnic groups of central Mexico. Forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. Introduced a monarchical system similar to that found in more powerful neighboring states. Women held substatial power and excercised broad influence in Aztec society. Lower classes received some material rewards from imperial expansion but lost most of their ability to influence or control decisions. Organized labor of the calpolli and of additional laborers to expand agricultural land. -
Apr 20, 1174
Saladin
1174–1193
He was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem after his victory in the Battle of Hattin. he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry. -
Apr 20, 1193
Saladin
1174–1193 CE
He was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, he ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem after his victory in the Battle of Hattin. he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry. -
Apr 19, 1204
Crusades
1095-1204
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Eruorpe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. Because of internal conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim. -
Apr 12, 1206
Genghis Khan
1206–1227 CE
The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols. It means the "oceanic" or "universal" leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. -
Apr 19, 1206
Delhi Sultanate
1206-1526 CE
Monarchy
Centralized Indian empire of barying extent, created by Muslim invaders. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to have enthroned one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240). In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire. -
Apr 20, 1206
Mongol Invasions
1206- 1324
Mongol invasions progressed throughout the 13th century, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire which covered much of Asia and Eastern Europe by 1300. The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. The territorial gains of the Mongols persisted into the 15th century in Persia and in Russia, and into the19th century in India. -
Apr 20, 1215
Magna Carta
1215 CE
The Maga Carta was the bill that the king of England was forced to sign in 1215. It made the king serve the people not the people serve the king. It eventually lead to representative government. -
Apr 12, 1227
Ghengis Khan
1206–1227 CE
The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols. It means the "oceanic" or "universal" leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. -
Apr 22, 1230
Mali Kingdom
1230s–1600s CE
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteen to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-saharan gold trade. -
Apr 22, 1235
Ghana
830-1235 CE
First know kingdom in sub-saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteen centuries C.E. Also the modern West African county once know as the Gold Coast. -
Apr 12, 1250
Mamlucks
1250-1517 CE
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of hte Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. Over time, mamluks became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies. -
Apr 8, 1297
Song Empire
960-1279CE Monarchy
First government to issue banknotes and first to establish a permanent standing navy. First use of gunpowder and compass.Diveded into two distinct periods: the Northen Song and Southern Song. The Northern controlled most of inner China and the Southern was after the Song lost control of northern China to the Jin Dynasty. The Southern Song Empire contained 60% of China's population and a majority of the most productive agricultural land. Collapsed because of -
Apr 20, 1324
Mongol Invasions
1206- 1324 CE
Mongol invasions progressed throughout the 13th century, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire which covered much of Asia and Eastern Europe by 1300. The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. The territorial gains of the Mongols persisted into the 15th century in Persia and in Russia, and into the19th century in India. -
Apr 20, 1325
Seljuk Turks
1071–1325
Were a Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. They established an empire, the Great Seljuq Empire. After arriving in Persia, the Seljuqs adopted the Persian culture adopting the Persian language as the official language of the government. -
Apr 11, 1332
Mansa Musa
1332-1337
The tenth mansa, which translates as "king of kings" or "emperor", of the Malian Empire. Musa held many titles including Emir of Melle, Lord of the Mines of Wnagara, and conquereor of Ghanta, Futa-Jallon, and at least another dozen states. Wealthiest ruler of his day. -
Apr 11, 1337
Musa Mali
1332-1337
The tenth mansa, which translates as "king of kings" or "emperor", of the Malian Empire. Musa held many titles including Emir of Melle, Lord of the Mines of Wnagara, and conquereor of Ghanta, Futa-Jallon, and at least another dozen states. Wealthiest ruler of his day. -
Apr 22, 1340
Songhai Kingdom
1340 – 1591CE
A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, the muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. -
Apr 19, 1349
Kievan Russia
882–1349
Monarchy
State established at Kiev in Ukraine by Scandinavian adeventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. The state existed from approximately 880 to sometime in the middle of the 13th century when it disintegrated. It is considered that the Mongol invasion. -
Apr 11, 1370
Timur
1370-1405 CE
Known as Tamerlane. Sought to restore the Mongol Empire; heaviest blow was against the Islamized Tatar Golden Horde. He was a memeber ot a prominent family of the Mogols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asian and Iran. He consolidated the statrus of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintaind his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India -
Apr 8, 1405
Zheng He
1405-1433 CE
led seven expeditions to what the Chinese called "the Western Ocean" (Indian Ocean). Commanded voyages to Southeast Asiam, South Asia, the middle East, and East Africa. He brought back to China many trophies and envoys from more than thirty kingdoms. Last two voyages were destroyred by Ming emperor. -
Apr 12, 1405
Timur
1370-1405 CE
Known as Tamerlane. Sought to restore the Mongol Empire; heaviest blow was against the Islamized Tatar Golden Horde. He was a memeber ot a prominent family of the Mogols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asian and Iran. He consolidated the statrus of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintaind his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India -
Apr 11, 1433
Zheng He
1405-1433 CE
led seven expeditions to what the Chinese called "the Western Ocean" (Indian Ocean). Commanded voyages to Southeast Asiam, South Asia, the middle East, and East Africa. He brought back to China many trophies and envoys from more than thirty kingdoms. Last two voyages were destroyred by Ming emperor. -
Apr 18, 1440
Gutenberg Press
1440 -
Apr 18, 1453
Byzantine Empire
330-1453 CE
Autocracy
Predominantly Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire. Centered in Constantinople and ruled by emperors. During its time it was one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe, especially during the Roman-Persia and Byzantine-Arab Wars. Recovered during Macedonian dynasty, rivaviling the Fatmid Caliphate. Later much of Asia Minor was lost to Seljuk Turks. Received mortal blow from the fourth crusade, divided into competing Byz Greek and Latin realms. -
Apr 20, 1453
Constantinople
330-1453 CE
Was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city. -
Apr 19, 1462
Ivan III
1462–1505
Known as Ivan the Great, was a Grand Prince of Moscow and "Grand Prince of all Rus". Tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history. -
Apr 18, 1483
Inca Civilization-1453-1533
Began as a tribe in the Cuzco area. Grew to absorb other Andrean communities. Split by a Civil War to decided who would be Inca Hanan and Inca Hunin. Spanish Conquistadores led by Francisco Pizzarro took advantage and conquered much of the Inca territory. The military phase of Inca liberation movements ended with the fall of resistance in Vilcabamba .Though indigenous sovereignty was lost, Inca cultural traditions remain strong in surviving indigenous descendants, such as the Quechua and Aymara -
Apr 19, 1505
Ivan III
1462–1505
Known as Ivan the Great, was a Grand Prince of Moscow and "Grand Prince of all Rus". Tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history. -
Apr 12, 1517
Mamluck
1250-1517 CE
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of hte Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. Over time, mamluks became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies. -
Apr 22, 1521
Aztec Civilization
1100 - 1521 CE
Ethnic groups of central Mexico. Forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. Introduced a monarchical system similar to that found in more powerful neighboring states. Women held substatial power and excercised broad influence in Aztec society. Lower classes received some material rewards from imperial expansion but lost most of their ability to influence or control decisions. Organized labor of the calpolli and of additional laborers to expand agricultural land. -
Apr 19, 1526
Delhi Sultanate
1206-1526 CE
Monarchy
Centralized Indian empire of barying extent, created by Muslim invaders. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to have enthroned one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240). In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire. -
Apr 18, 1533
Inca Civilization
Began as a tribe in the Cuzco area. Grew to absorb other Andrean communities. Split by a Civil War to decided who would be Inca Hanan and Inca Hunin. Spanish Conquistadores led by Francisco Pizzarro took advantage and conquered much of the Inca territory. The military phase of Inca liberation movements ended with the fall of resistance in Vilcabamba .Though indigenous sovereignty was lost, Inca cultural traditions remain strong in surviving indigenous descendants, such as the Quechua and Aymara -
Songhai Kingdom
1340 – 1591CE
A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, the muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. -
Mali
1230s–1600s CE
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteen to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-saharan gold trade. -
Establishment of Holy Roman Empire
962–1806 CE
Was a realm that existed for about a millennium in Central Europe, ruled by a Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a union of territories. -
Foundation of Islam
1973
Established in 1973 in the city of Leicester, is a centre for education, training, research and publication of issues related to Islam. The Foundation seeks to build bridges between Muslims and others. The organisation was founded by Khurshid Ahmad. -
Ming Empire
1368-1644CE
Monarchy -
Hundred Years War
1337-1453
Series of campaings over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. The final outcome was a victory for the house of Valois, which succeeded in recovering early gains made by the Plantagenets and expelling them from the majority of France by the 1450s. However, the war nearly ruined the Valois, while the Plantagenets enriched themselves with plunder. France suffered greatly from the war. -
Sui Empire
581-618 CE:
Dynasty unified China. It was founded by Emperor Wen of Sui. The construction of the Grand Canal was built. Emperors Wen and Yang undertook various reforms to reduce the social gap between the rich and poor. The Great Wall of China was expanded during this time and Buddhism was began to spread. Collapsed because of popular revolts, disloyalty, and assassination -
Sui Empire
581-618 CE:
Dynasty unified China. It was founded by Emperor Wen of Sui. The construction of the Grand Canal was built. Emperors Wen and Yang undertook various reforms to reduce the social gap between the rich and poor. The Great Wall of China was expanded during this time and Buddhism was began to spread. Collapsed because of popular revolts, disloyalty, and assassination -
Tang Dynasty
618-907CE
Moarchy
Founded by Li family. Period of progress and stability. Maintained a civil service system by dating officials. Chinese culture flourished. Woodblock printing was developed. Buddhism became a major religion. Greatest age for Chinese poetry. A shi Rebellion destroyed the prosperity of the empire and led to its collapse. -
Charlemagne
768–814
King of the Franks; emperor (800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. -
Ghana
830-1235 CE
First know kingdom in sub-saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteen centuries C.E. Also the modern West African county once know as the Gold Coast. -
Establishment of Holy Roman Empire
962–1806 CE
Was a realm that existed for about a millennium in Central Europe, ruled by a Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a union of territories. -
Charlemagne
768–814
King of the Franks; emperor (800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. -
Kievan Russia
882–1349
Monarchy
State established at Kiev in Ukraine by Scandinavian adeventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. The state existed from approximately 880 to sometime in the middle of the 13th century when it disintegrated. It is considered that the Mongol invasion. -
Tang Dynasty
618-907CE
Moarchy
Founded by Li family. Period of progress and stability. Maintained a civil service system by dating officials. Chinese culture flourished. Woodblock printing was developed. Buddhism became a major religion. Greatest age for Chinese poetry. A shi Rebellion destroyed the prosperity of the empire and led to its collapse. -
Song Empire
960-1279CE Monarchy
First government to issue banknotes and first to establish a permanent standing navy. First use of gunpowder and compass.Diveded into two distinct periods: the Northen Song and Southern Song. The Northern controlled most of inner China and the Southern was after the Song lost control of northern China to the Jin Dynasty. The Southern Song Empire contained 60% of China's population and a majority of the most productive agricultural land. Collapsed because of