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The True Law of Free Monarchies. -
Basilikon Doron. -
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Some members of the Catholic opposition started plotting against James I to put a Catholic monarch on the throne. The attack they planned finally failed so that day is now named "remember, remember the 5th of November gunpowder". -
James VI and I believed in absolute monarchy, they tried to avoid parliamentary interference.
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King James "made" his version to have more uniformity in the English Bible. -
Puritans migrated to the colonies to purify the church of England, which created tensions over time.
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Under Charles I there is a rising of tensions between the Crown and the Parliament because the Crown wanted the support of the Parliament but the Parliament expected more power in return. -
Charles I believed in absolute monarchy but wanted to reign without parliament. “Eleven Years of Tyranny”.
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Charles I and William Laud are Arminians who wanted to change the Kirk. -
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- April-May 1640 – “Short Parliament”
- September 1640-1660 – “Long Parliament”
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Massacres of English Protestants.
Longer-term causes:
- Loss of economic and political power
- Religious tensions -
- 1 December 1641: Grand Remonstrance
- January 1642: King tries to have 5 leading MPs arrested
- 22 August 1642: Charles raises his standard at Nottingham
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Increasing polarization, the Parliament tries to get concessions from an unwilling king.
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• Ireland:
- Confederation of Kilkenny
- 1643 – truce b/w Confederation and Charles’s forces
• England:
- Extremely deadly conflict (“80 000 killed in the fighting, 100 000 died of war-related causes”) + divided population
- Parliament develops its own powers:
--> Finances
--> New Model Army (1645)
• Scotland:
- Increased marginalization of the Covenanters
- Tensions between England’s Parliament and the Scots
- 1646: the King surrenders to the Scots -
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Secret negotiations between Charles and some Scottish lords.
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“Pride’s Purge”: New Model Army takeover.
• 5 December: Parliament decides to settle with Charles
• 6 December: Col. Thomas Pride arrests/exclude MPs who voted to settle. -
Charles I got executed in 1649 because he sought to govern without Parliament, favored Arminianism and was seen as too close to Catholicism. He also opposed the Presbyterianism of the Kirk. -
He refuses to plead. Executed on January 30.
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• Strong support for the Stuarts (Engagement and after)
• Resistance to Commonwealth (up to 1655)
• Military occupation of Scotland -
• Alliance against the Commonwealth --> Cromwell sends 12000 troops: massacres at Wexford & Drogheda.
• Shift in economic and political power: new Protestant
settlers. -
Cromwell dissolves Parliament and becomes “Lord Protector”.
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Attempt at reforming the Constitution. -
Attempt at reforming the Constitution. -
• George Monk (former Royalist; New Model Army commander in Scotland) marches on England.
• Charles II was invited to take the crown.