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James VI & I
The True Law of Free Monarchies. -
James VI & I
Basilikon Doron. -
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Early Stuart Politics
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The Gunpowder Plot
Some members of the Catholic opposition started plotting against James I to put a Catholic monarch on the throne. The attack they planned finally failed so that day is now named "remember, remember the 5th of November gunpowder". -
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James VI & I rules without Parliament
James VI and I believed in absolute monarchy, they tried to avoid parliamentary interference. -
King James Bible
King James "made" his version to have more uniformity in the English Bible. -
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Puritans emigration from England
Puritans migrated to the colonies to purify the church of England, which created tensions over time. -
Petition of Right
Under Charles I there is a rising of tensions between the Crown and the Parliament because the Crown wanted the support of the Parliament but the Parliament expected more power in return. -
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Charles I rules without Parliament
Charles I believed in absolute monarchy but wanted to reign without parliament. “Eleven Years of Tyranny”. -
Period: to
Personal Rule of Charles I
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Book of Common Prayer
Charles I and William Laud are Arminians who wanted to change the Kirk. -
Scottish elite issue “The Covenant”
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Abolition of episcopacy in the Kirk
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Bishops’ War
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Covenanters challenge the power of the king
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Charles forced to summon Parliament
- April-May 1640 – “Short Parliament”
- September 1640-1660 – “Long Parliament”
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Rebellion
Massacres of English Protestants.
Longer-term causes:
- Loss of economic and political power
- Religious tensions -
Breakdown of relations between Charles and Parliament
- 1 December 1641: Grand Remonstrance
- January 1642: King tries to have 5 leading MPs arrested
- 22 August 1642: Charles raises his standard at Nottingham
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Grand Remonstrance
Increasing polarization, the Parliament tries to get concessions from an unwilling king. -
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War in Ireland, England, and Scotland
• Ireland:
- Confederation of Kilkenny
- 1643 – truce b/w Confederation and Charles’s forces
• England:
- Extremely deadly conflict (“80 000 killed in the fighting, 100 000 died of war-related causes”) + divided population
- Parliament develops its own powers:
--> Finances
--> New Model Army (1645)
• Scotland:
- Increased marginalization of the Covenanters
- Tensions between England’s Parliament and the Scots
- 1646: the King surrenders to the Scots -
Putney Debates
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”Engagement”
Secret negotiations between Charles and some Scottish lords. -
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Second Civil War
“Pride’s Purge”: New Model Army takeover.
• 5 December: Parliament decides to settle with Charles
• 6 December: Col. Thomas Pride arrests/exclude MPs who voted to settle. -
Execution of Charles I
Charles I got executed in 1649 because he sought to govern without Parliament, favored Arminianism and was seen as too close to Catholicism. He also opposed the Presbyterianism of the Kirk. -
Charles I on trial
He refuses to plead. Executed on January 30. -
Abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords.
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The Occupation of Scotland
• Strong support for the Stuarts (Engagement and after)
• Resistance to Commonwealth (up to 1655)
• Military occupation of Scotland -
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The Conquest of Ireland
• Alliance against the Commonwealth --> Cromwell sends 12000 troops: massacres at Wexford & Drogheda.
• Shift in economic and political power: new Protestant
settlers. -
Dissolving of the Parliament
Cromwell dissolves Parliament and becomes “Lord Protector”. -
The Instrument of Government
Attempt at reforming the Constitution. -
The Humble Petition and Advice
Attempt at reforming the Constitution. -
The fall of the Commonwealth
• George Monk (former Royalist; New Model Army commander in Scotland) marches on England.
• Charles II was invited to take the crown.