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Following his excommunication by the Pope, King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta, establishing the English Parliament and giving up power to some upper-class interests.
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With the Battle of Bosworth Field, the three-decade long brutal War of the Roses finally comes to an end. The Tudors, not even considered a contender when the war began, have come out on top although at the cost of a massive loss of prestige and respect for the institution of the English Monarchy.
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In a decision that would remain controversial for centuries, King Henry VIII of the Tudor Dynasty would sever ties with the Pope and declare himself the head of the Church of England in order to get a divorce. Many, both protestant and Catholic, would come to vehemently oppose this decision.
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Parliamentarians led by Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell declare an open rebellion against the rule of King Charles I.
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Oliver Cromwell's forces preside over the trial and execution of King Charles I for his perceived slights and aggression towards parliament and the English people. This formally establishes the necessity of approval from parliament in British governance.
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Led by Oliver Cromwell and a theoretical parliamentarian government, the Commonwealth stood as England's first non-monarchical system of governance in centuries.
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After the fall of Cromwell's regime, King Charles II (Charles I's son) was instated as King but only on the terms that he agreed to binding legislation that was passed by the English Parliament.
