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Conscription
Bythe midddle of the war, resources were running low, forcing PM Borden to enact mandatory military service.
The Issue divided Canadians as the French believed they had done enough to support this foreign war. Result: Fr-Eng relations strained. -
Union Nationale
The Union Nationale was a Québec political party founded in 1935. Maurice Duplessis was its charismatic leader until his death in 1959. The party of a generation, the Union Nationale defended provincial autonomy, conservatism, economic liberalism and rural life. -
Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis
Quebec economy stagnant, known for bribery and corruption.
Led the Union Nationale Party and believed Quebec to be a distinct society. Duplessis also supported Catholic church and education. As a result one had many teachers, lawyers + not businessmen and entrepreneuers.
Duplessis encouraged foreign investment in exchange for cheap labour. Duplessis shut down unions. -
Conscription
By 1942, the Nazi party controled all of Western Europe requiring Mackenzie to conscrpt soldiers for overseas defense. By the time the bill was passed and men were trained to go over, the war was mostly over.
Result: French-English relations strained but not broken -
Separatist Movement
The French were proud of their modernization and became angrier at what they saw as injustice enforced by the Anglophones. Groups such as FLQ started the "Free Quebec" movement. -
Quiet Revolution
Jean Lesage and the Liberals came into power after the death of Duplessis. Mr. Lesage stamped out corruption, raised people's income, and brought back trade unionism. The government modernized all aspects of the province including education! -
Maitre Chez Nous
Jean Lesage repalces Duplessis, winning the election under the slogan "maitre chez nous" - masters of our own house. Lesage starts modernizing Quebec education, culture and politicsm limited influence of Catholic Church was called government rev because it was peaceful changes -
Front de libération du Québec
(See FLQ Crisis) -
Bi & Bi Commission
an investigatioon on how Eng Canadians felt about Fr and vice versa. Sought to solve feelings of misunderstanding, alienation + prejudice. -
Canada’s New Flag
Under the Pearson government, he moved to a flag design which unified Canada + showed independence from Britain -
Colour Blind
Prior to this, immigration policy was quite restriction and excluded people from Asian countries. Now we were removing those restrictions by using a points system. - points awarded by professions in demand in Canada at time of immigration -
Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Although a Fr-Canadian, he is a Federalist who believes in one unified Canada. -
Official Languages Act
Making French the second official language of Canada was a by product of the Bi & Bi Commissions recommendations. By passing it, Trudeau wanted to show Fr-inclusion into the frabric of Canada. -
War Measures Act
-no civil rights- people could be arrested and detained without a charge. -
October Crisis
the FLQ had stepped up their radical separatist activity by kidnapping British diplomat, John Cross. The FLQ would only release Cross if FLQ prisoners were given amnesty for crimes against Canada. Trudeau responds w/ War Measures Act. But FLQ then kidnapped + killed Pierre La Porte, Quebec's Labour minister. -
Policy of Multiculturalism
This policy was meant to de-emphasize Quebec and the French as the only cultural group in Canada. It attempted to recognize all immigrants as unique and encouraged them to express themselves. Result: Canada becomes more international. -
Bill 22
Liberal Premier, R. Bourassa introduced Bill 22 making French the official language of Quebec cost a bi-ling province (like other provinces).
Rationale: Fr. birth rates were declining but immigration was increasing. Bourassa feared the disappearace of the Fr. language -
Sponsorship Program
The policy allowed citizens of Canada to "support" or "sponsor" outside applicants to Canada. This required that those who sponsored people were legally + financially responsible for the new immigrant.
Benefit: new immigrants not overreliant on social welfare programs. -
Parti Québécois
PQ party is led by Renée Levesque and promises Quebec separation by first holding a province-wide referendum on the issue.
Levesque promises Quebec separation. -
Bill 101
(See Bill 101 Passed) -
Bill 101
Bill 101 aka Charter of the French Language replaced Bill 22. Made French the official language of Quebec (government services, offices, retail etc... operated only in French). Some French-Canadian people saw this as a symbol of oppression. -
Québec Referendum
Levesque asked people of Quebec to vote "yes" to negotiating a new agreement with Canada based on sovereignty association. He proposed that Quebec becomes independent, yet maintain a close economic trade relationship w/ Canada.
"Maitre chez-nous" was the result of Referendum:
40% yes to soverignty association
60% no -
Patriation of the Constitution
Trudeau wanted this autority because he also wanted to include a "Charter of Rights & Freedoms." Trudeau had to come up with an amendng formula - the process by which changes can legally be made to the Canadian constitution. "Kitchen Compromise" and the notwithstanding clause. Quebec did not sign it, thus Canada only officially has 9 provinces. -
Constitution Act
Introduced along with the Patriation of the Canadian Constitution -
Brian Mulroney
Mulroney promised gain Quebec's consent to the constitution 'with honour' -
Bloc Quebecois Formed
Founded as a parliamentary movement composed of Québec MPs who left the Conservative and Liberal parties after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. -
Meech Lake Accord
To get the signiture and recognizes QUebec as a distinct society. Meech failed. -
Meech Lake
(See Meech Lake Accord) -
Reform Party of Canada
The Reform Party of Canada was a Western-based political party that grew out of a coalition of discontented Western interest groups. The purpose of this party is to address Western concerns. -
Multiculturalism
Not being a US melting pot but a cultural mosaic -
Charlottetown Accord
'Citizens Forum,' and it failed because it includes too many elements. -
Parti Québécois
See (Parti Québécois wins provincial election on Quebec) -
Sovereignty-Association
49.4% of Quebeckers vote yes and 50.6% vote no. PM Jean Chretien began guidelines for a future vote on Quebec on the same issue. -
The Clarity Act
Any future referenda, Quebec must ask a clear question and win a clear majority - making impossition for Quebec to gain independence from Canada through a referendum.
