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Jun 8, 632
The Beginning Of The Reign Of Caliph
After the death of The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), events such as the threat to break and split Ummah, Arabic tribes wished to revert to local leadership and split from Medina's control and more splitting the Muslim community. The Ansar met in saqifah (hall/house) with Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaidah and decided to choose Abu Bakr As-Siddiq as the leader od the first caliph -
Period: Jun 8, 632 to Aug 22, 634
Abu Bakr - The Reign Of The First Caliph
Events or Achievement during the Reign Of Abu Bakr As The First Caliph -
Aug 28, 632
Ridda Wars
Ridda Wars occured in 632 CE - 633 CE, Abu Bakr moved to Zhu Qissa and planned a strategy which was fighting against the apostate concentrations at Zhu Qissa and Abraq to discourage the enemies to go forth and step on Medina. This technique secured a base and gained time for his main forces. In addition, Abu Bakr also formed several corps led by Khalid Al-Walid. -
Dec 1, 632
Aftermath of The Battle of Yamama
In Battle of Yamama, Umar Al -Khattab saw many Muslims whom memorized Quran (about 400 - 700 people) had died in the battle. This created huge concern in Islam as the legacy of Quran might be gone. -
Dec 1, 632
Battle of Yamama
One of the part of Ridda wars, many Arab tribes rebelled against the State of Medina. For precaution step, caliph Abu Bakr organized 11 corps to deal with the rebels to eliminate the threat of Musaylamah al-Kaddhab. The first and second attack were failed. After the battle, Khalid bin Waleed stepped up for duels and proposed to hold talks with Musaylamah. When Musaylamah knew the plan, he ran off caused the Muslims to ambush the fortress. Most Muslims died. -
Oct 12, 633
The Preservation of Quran
The concern towards the lost of Muslim in battle, Abu Bakr decided to gather those who memorized Quran aand collect the verses of the book. After that, Zayd ibn Thabit and the members verified the reading and presented it in codex written in one single manuscript. -
Aug 23, 634
The End of The Reign Of The First Caliph
Abu Bakr fell sick and did not recover due to his old age, he held a discussion with the members to decide who would be the next successor or caliph. He appointed Umar as his successor despite the controversy over Ali not having appointed and the dislike by the member due to Umar tough nature.
On the day of ABu Bakr death, the funeral prayer was led by Umar andhe was buried next to Muhammad's grave in Aisha's house near Masjid An-Nabawi -
Period: Aug 23, 634 to Nov 3, 644
Umar Al-Khattab - The Reign of The Second Caliph
Umar Al Khattab was the second caliph of four caliphs which was after teh death of Abu Bakr (first caliph) -
Apr 1, 637
Siege Of Jerusalem
After the surrender of Byzantine in the Siege of Jerusalem, Umar Al-Khattab gave a permission for seventy families of Jews from Tiberias and the area around it with wives and children to move to Jerusalem near the water of Silwan and the Temple Mount to worship in their church. There was a time when the Jews invited Umar to pray Zuhr in the church but was declined as it would endanger the church for being changed to a mosque. -
Feb 16, 638
Canals
Umar started building canals in Basra for conveying drinking water and for irrigation.Tthe first canal was from the Tigris River to the site of Basra when the city was in the planning stage. After that, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari as its first governor. Another two canals; Al-Ubulla River and the Ma'qil River, built. These were the basis for the agricultural development for Basra region. Assigning lands to cultivate them also a policy devised by Umar. -
May 22, 638
Military Expansion
4500 cities were captured during the military conquest. Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the whole of the Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to the Rashidun Caliphate. -
Aug 20, 638
Reforms and Renew
During or Near 638 BCE, Umar built a political structure by undertaking many administrative reforms and closely oversee the public. He also established an advanced administration in new conquered lands. Plus, he renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina. -
Jan 7, 639
The Period Of Famine
Bedouin people began to die because of hunger and epidemic disease. A state of emergency was declared in Medina and Arabia. The timely aid of Umar's governors saved the lives of thousands of people throughout Arabia. The first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of the Rashidun army. -
Oct 15, 644
The Assasination
Umar was assassinated by Persians in response to the Muslim conquest of Persia. -
Period: Nov 6, 644 to Jun 17, 656
Uthman Bin Affan - The Reign Of The Third Caliph
Umar, on his deathbed formed a committee of six people - Ali, Uthman Bin Affan, Abdul Rahman Bin Awf, Sa'd Ibn Abi Waqqas, Al Zubayr and Talhah- to choose a new caliph (third). Within three days, a new caliph chosen and made his oath on the fourth day and that was Uthman Bin Affan -
Dec 30, 644
Umar's Legacy
Political Legacy, Military Legacy and Religious Legacy -
Sep 5, 649
Military Expansion - Marine
Under Uthman's rule, the navy system was allowed to set up, sailed by the Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops resulted the defeat of the Byzantine navy at the Battle of the Masts in 655 -
Nov 23, 651
Reconquest Expedition Towards Maghreb
Caliph Uthman was sent by Abdullah Ibn Zubayr and Abdullah Ibn Saad to lead the expedition to Maghreb to mert the army of Gregory the Patrician, Exarch of Africa and relative of Heraclius. -
Mar 19, 654
Uthman As Emissaries
Uthman called all the governors of his 12 provinces to Medina to discuss the the origins and extent of anti-government propaganda and its aims. He directed the governors that they should adopt all the expedients they had suggested, according to local circumstances. Later, in the Majlis al Shurah (council of ministry), it was suggested that reliable agents should be sent to various provinces to investigate the matter and report about the sources of such rumours. -
Jun 20, 655
Uthman Strategy Against The Grievance
The grievance against the administration to assemble at Mecca for the Hajj. He promised them that all their legitimate grievances would be redressed. -
Jun 18, 656
Election Of The Fourth Caliph
Ali, Talhah and al-Zubayr refused to accept the offer of being the next caliph, after Uthman's assasination. Then, the Muslims gathered in the Mosque of the Prophet on June 18, 656 to appoint the caliph. Threfore, Shias believe that Ali, as an appointed successor to Muhammad, ruled from Prophet's death in the year 632 to 661, the year of his own assassination. -
Jul 20, 656
The Assasination Of The Third Caliph
The rebels climbed the back wall and sneaked inside, leaving the guards on the gate unaware of what was going on inside. The rebels entered his room and struck blows at Uthman's head. His body was buried by Hassan, Hussein, Ali and others however some people reject that Ali attended the funeral. -
Period: Oct 1, 656 to Jan 1, 661
Ali Ibn Abi Talib - The Reign Of The Fourth Caliph
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Nov 7, 656
Battle Of The Camel
Ali did not want to fight and agreed to negotiate. Plus, Ali tried to restrain his men but no one was listening. Everyone thought that the other party had committed breach of trust. Confusion prevailed throughout the night. The Qurra attacked the Umayyads and the fighting started. Marwan I and the Qurra (who later became the Khawarij) manipulated every one and created conflict. -
Period: Nov 7, 656 to Feb 24, 661
The First Fitna
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Jul 26, 657
Battle Of Siffin
Governor of Syria refused to recognize Ali as a caliph. Ali's inability to punish the murderers of Uthman and Muawiyahs refusal to pledge allegiance eventually led to Ali moved his army north to confront Muawiyah. Ali gathered his forces, and, after at first planning to invade Syria from the North, he attacked directly, marching through the Mesopotamian desert. Then, the arbitration began to deal with Muawiyah on equal terms which weakened Ali's position as Muslim leader. -
May 23, 659
Battle Of Nahrawan
A battle between Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Shi'ah Imam and the fourth Sunni Caliph) and the Kharijites commanded by ‘Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. -
Jan 21, 661
The Death Of Ali Ibn Abi Talib
While Ali was praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa on 27 January 661 AD, he was attacked by the Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam. He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer. Ali died two days later. -
Nov 23, 661
Ali's Policies
The policies and ideas of governing are manifested in the letter he sent to Malik al-Ashtar after appointing him governor of Egypt. This instruction, which has historically been viewed as the ideal constitution for Islamic governance alongside the Constitution of Medina, involved detailed description of duties and rights of the ruler and various functionaries of the state and the main classes of society at that time.
