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The king was made “Supreme Head of the Church of England”
This is the beginning of the gradual brake with Rome and the Pope. His religious authority diminueshed, the powers are transfered to the King. -
These were the greatest rebellions against the Tudor's. They lasted 6 months and were called the “Pilgrimage of Grace.” Between 1536 and 1537.
They were against the dissolution of the monasteries and the Reformation, they demanded the restoration of the Pope.
Economic grievances were also at the centre of the rebellions, they were led by the gentry ans the clergy -
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Under the reign of Edward VI, who was fiercly protestant,Roman Catholic practices were eradicated, the marriage of clergy was allowed. The imposition of the Prayer Book (which replaced Latin services with English) led to rebellions in Cornwall and Devon. -
Edward died of tuberculosis in 1553. His sister, Mary, took his place and became the first queen of England. She's known as well for being called "Bloody Mary." -
Mary I restored caholicism in 18th months ! Her reign was marked by bloody repressions against protestants between 1555 and 1558. Over 200 Protestants went to the stake and the rest of them had to leave the country.
She was marreid to Philipp II of Spain and led the war against France. -
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The Church organisation changed, and Elizabeth abolished the authority of the Pope. The authority of the Queen over the Church so she became “supreme governor of the Church of England” -
Every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer, people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined.
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The doctrine (religious belief) of the Church had 3 important changes : a new ecclesiology (conception of the Church), a new doctrine of Salvation (doctrine du salut) and finally a new definition of sacraments and of the mass (wich is still in use today.) -
And there's several rebellions through the country, like the Nothern Rebelion in 1569, when 6000 catholic insurgents wanted to reverse Elizabeth from the throne. -
For anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales, was consisdered a traitor. -
“Act to retain the Queen’s Majesty’s Subjects in their due Obedience”: It provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic Mass
Anglican services were compulsory. -
Mary Queen of Scots, Mary Stuart (1542-1587) was Elizabeth cousins, she was the daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise ( so she was catholic and a real threat for Elizabeth.)
During 19 years Mary was imprisoned, many of Elizabeth’s advisors tried to convince the queen to execute her. But the Queen was reluctant to do so...
Mary was convicted for complicity, sentenced to death 5babington Plot in 1586.) She was executed in a bright red dress, the colour of Catholic martyrs. -
Philip II, King of Spain supported several plots against Elizabeth, he attempted to invade England, it was a complete mess and Egand was victorious cause of the new fleet, new military stategy and human advantage. -
The queen made this speech in Tilbury, Essex, in order to rally the troops who were preparing to repel the invasion of the Spanish Armada:
“I know I have the body of a weak woman but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and a King of England too”. -
Elizabeth who died as the "Virgin Queen." She imposed protestantism in England. James was the son of Mary Queen of Scots. -
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James continued Elizabeth repressive laws against catholics. So A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I was led. -
In Virginia, The first permanent settlement. -
Period of starvation, only 60 of the 500 colonists survived,Shortage of drinkable water, insufficient growing of crops, conflicts with the Native Powhatan tribe. Some settlers even turned to cannibalism.
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A new translation of the Bible in English.
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Plymouth colony (Puritans, left England on the arrival of James I on the Mayflower.) -
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MPs’ complaints against the King Charles I :
They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial.
Wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his powers
Charles reluctantly signed it but was furious, and as MPs were discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, he suspended parliament seating. -
Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom
as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent this is an act of open defiance!
Charles imprisoned these MPs and dissolved parliament, he declared there would be NO MORE parliaments -
11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament
Whig historians called it “The Eleven Years Tyranny” -
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The introduction of the New Prayer Book
(Book of Common Prayer) set Scotland aflame. The riot would soon turn into a widespread rebellion known as the Bishop Wars. In 1640, needing money to fight the Scots, Charles called a parliament for the first time in 11 years “The Short Parliament” as the MPs demanded the King to address their grievances, Charles dissolved it after only 3 weeks). -
In October 1641, an armed revolt broke out in Ireland: The Irish Rebellion. James I (Charles’ father) implemented a plantation policy, sending English and Scottish protestant colonists to Ireland, taking the lands of Irish Catholics
In Oct 1641, Irish Catholics rebels rose up against Protestant settlers. Irish atrocities, 200 000 protestants massacred. Parliament passed the Militia Act : the army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament. -
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Victory of the Parliament. The First civil war would cost the lives of 190 000 Englishmen (in combat/from diseases) and last for four years. The June 1645 Battle of Naseby was a turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken.
In May 1646 the King and the Royalists surrendered -
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Was a national, centralized army, controlled and paid from Westminster rather than the counties. Armed with swords, pistols, pikes. Wearing the redcoat, religious fervour (nicknamed the “praying army”, soldiers carried Bibles in their breast pockets), -
The English took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland, which included the state of New Amsterdam. The English renamed this New York.
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The House of Commons decided to disband the New Model Army BUT without paying the soldiers, the Army issued the Agreement of the People (no authority above parliament.) One of the consequences of the war, encouraged groups with radical ideas.
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Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs, named the Rump Parliament and led the King to a trial. -
CAUSE : Nov 1647: the King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots (he promised to introduce Presbyterianism into England /in return the Scottish army would invade England and restore him to power) Horrified Parliament and led to the Second Civil War .
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Monarchy and House of Lords abolished, England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic).
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England declared a “Commonwealth” = governed by its people without a King
But failure to reach stability and creation of a military protectorate ruled by Cromwell Lord General and Lord Protector (1653-1658.) During the interregnum, many experiments with republican forms of government. -
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Attack on God, Quackers are repressed to death.
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His son Richard became Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months, this led to a period of AnarchyCromwell’s corpse was dismembered, his head stayed on a spike in Westminster for 25 years under the Glorious Revolution. -
General amnesty, Charles II was restored as King in May ! -
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Tensions between: A Parliament, now permanent, not an event (meeting every 3 years at least) and representing the people.
A King – royal prerogative (discretionary powers that placed the monarch above the law of the land.) -
Important document voted by Parliament after heated debates.
It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands: Parliament control the army in Ireland for ex.
2 groups : PARLIAMENTARIANS: who believed that reform was necessary to safeguard the liberties of subjects, the rights of Parliament and Protestant Church
The ROYALISTS: who thought that the Grand Remonstrance’s demands were too extreme and who wanted a negotiated settlement with the King -
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Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II. -
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Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne, in reaction, Charles dissolved the Parliament.
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He was Charles II's brother. -
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James II sat on the throne, deep seated fear of Catholic absolutism. James was old and as he didn’t have a male heir, his protestant daughter Mary would soon succeed him (married to the Dutch William of Orange.) BUT James’ second wife gave birth to a son. Parliament invited the King’s son in law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown.
James II fled to France and William became King William III -
Established religious pluralism, and freedom of worship for all Protestants.
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Fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers.
The King could not raise tax without Parliament’s consent.
No Catholic was to inherit the throne.
Regular parliaments, free elections.
Freedom of speech in Parliament, set out basic civil rights
Ex: Freedom from cruel and excessive punishment, freedom to bear arms.
Influenced by John Locke (the role of the government is to protect its citizen’s natural rights) -
Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs, Hanoverian descendants of James I.
Key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain. -
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Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain: England (and Wales) and Scotland, old dream of James I.
Scotland had being occupied under Cromwell.
Under Restoration: regained control of its own Parliament but the King of England was Scotland’s Monarch.
Always threat of French invasion through Scotland, or rising in favour of James. -
(= Queen Anne’s War), Britain gained Acadia over the French.
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The Jacobites = Loyal to the Stuarts Supporters of James II, then of his son and grandson. Active in France and Scotland.
led by the “Old Pretender” James Francis Edward Stuart (the son of James II.) -
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Britain gained Florida over the Spanish and (most of) Canada over the French.
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Were a turning point in British history, as the nation lost a huge part of its empire.
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(US)
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Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States.
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Police repression of radicalism in Britain.
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An uprising against British rule in Ireland
Influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions.
Presbyterian radicals + Catholics.
Rebels defeated (/atrocities). -
Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Merged the Parliament of Ireland into the Parliament of the UK.