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In previous looms, the shuttle was thrown, or passed, through the threads by hand, and wide fabrics required two weavers seated side by side passing the shuttle between them. Kay mounted his shuttle on wheels in a track and used paddles to shoot the shuttle from side to side when the weaver jerked a cord.
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American revolution gave the bourgoisie new ideas to help them confront absolutism.
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The central thesis of Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" is that our individual need to fulfill self-interest results in societal benefit, in what is known as his "invisible hand".
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The declaration of independence of the US and its constitution defeaded the inerable rights of the citizen, separation of powers, the principles of equality and freedom and the right to elect a goverment
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The first power loom was designed in 1787 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1787. It was refined over the next 47 years until a design by Kenworthy and Bullough made the operation completely automatic.
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The Bastille was used as a prison and represented the king´s absolute power
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The revolution was caused by two main factors:
- ECONOMIC CRISIS: Result of a series of pour harvests since 1760
Caused by the monarchy lack of money. -
Driven by moderate bourgoisie, who aspired to abolished the Acien Régime, elect a parlimment by selective suffrage and established a constitution.
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The representatives of the third state met in a pavillion in Versailles and proclaimed themselves The National Assembly. Louis XVI frighteined for the situation accepted the national assembly and france became a constitutional monarchy.
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From Paris’ markets, thousands of angry women (due to high prices of food), marched to Versailles. They forced the king to abandon his palace and go to Tuileries Palace in Paris.
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Subordination of the French Catholic Church to the
French government (instead of to the papacy):
bishops and priest have to be elected -
The Royal family tried to escape from Paris, to
initiate a counter-revolution, but
they were arrested by National
Guard This episode increase tension
between monarchists and
republicans and the king started to been seen as a traidor to the nation´s eyes. -
Absolute monarchies, afraid of the spread of liberalism,
declare their intention to fight against French Revolution -
Women´s clubs get their names from political organisations that were created for diferent revolucionary groups. At the assembly decrees were reed and discused.Criticisms and propolsals were presented. Many revolutionaries did not accept this new leading role for women.
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Written by Olympe de Gouges in which she demands equal rights and the right to get a divorce.
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The French Constitution of 1791, the first written constitution in French history, was promulgated by the National Constituent Assembly on September 3, 1789 and accepted by Louis XVI.1 It contained the reform of the French State, leaving France configured as a constitutional monarchy . This was based in separation of powers, national sovereingty and legal equality, thought the king reserved the right of veto. Census sufragge was also introduced.
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Austrian and Russian army reached Paris
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Law authorises divorce and declares equal rights between spouses
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Was new assembly elected by universal male suffrage.
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The Girondins, the more moderated Bourgoisie controlled the republic.
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Ruled by the radical bourgeoise encouraged by the working classes , proclaimed the republic and began a transformation into democratic and equal society with universal male suffrage and social laws.
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Legislative Assembly declares war to Austria
and Prussia -
the betrayal by the king and the military invasion led to the revolt of saint-culottes. they stormed the Tuleries palace and prisioned the king.
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Women´s clubs are banned
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Stands by:
- republican
- popular sovereignty (universal male suffrage)
- social equality -
In 1793, Jcobins who were the most radical sector of bourgeoise, endorsed the demands of popuar sectors and seized power.
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This brought several consecuences:
- Formation of an absolutist coalition in Europe to
fight against revolutionaries - Counter-revolutionary revolts in the countryside
- Royalist plots by privileged classes
- Formation of an absolutist coalition in Europe to
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Moderate burgeoise took back control of the revolution an entered its third and final phase. Jacobin laws were cancelled and exiles were encoraged to return. The directory was permantly unstable.
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Lider of the Jacobins, executed by the people due to dictatorial govermment, Reign of terror and the suspension of freedoms.
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Women were prohibited from attending political assemblies and for gathering in the street in numbers grater than 5
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granted executive power to the Directory and restored census suffrage.
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Autocratic and authoritarian rule
• Objectives:
1. Ø political instability of the
Revolution
2. Consolidation of some of the
revolutionary principles
3. Economic recovery through a
government that represented the
interest of the bourgeoisie -
In this context of crisis Napoleon Bonaparte organised
a coup supported by a large part of the
bourgeoisie and started and authoritarian rule. -
Napoleon as crowned emperor by the pope.
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Napoleon began his conquest of Europe and was crowned emperor, he defeated most European monarchies
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After victory over Austria and Russia, the French troops seemed unstoppable
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allowed French troops to pass trough
Spain to invade Portugal. -
Spain was invaded and Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother was
made king. -
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The Abdications of Bayonne took place on 7 May 1808 in the castle of Marracq in Bayonne when the French emperor Napoleon I forced two Spanish kings Charles IV and his son, Ferdinand VII.
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War of Independence
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Spanish people organized a revolt against Joseph Bonaparte
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, Treaty between Napoleon and King Ferdinard VII of Spain, signed in an attempt to extract France from Spain.
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Imperial armies were defeated in Waterloo by
Great Britain and Prussia. Napoleon abdicated and was sent to exiled to Saint Helena https://youtu.be/Sj_9CiNkkn4
https://youtu.be/-VceCMPXskk -
This congress organixed by the Ausrian Chancelor, Metternich had as objectives the stop of spreading liberal thinking and the restauration of absolute monarchy as a form off govermment. https://youtu.be/cmaPv9GVf9c
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The four great powers (Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria) reshaped the European map.
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This treaty reconized that Absolute
monarchs would unite against any threat of
liberal revolution (Russia, Prussia & Austria) and a Change of borders and political powers in
Europe. -
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Greace was Part of the Ottoman Empire for
centuries. However they had to pay high taxes and they were Excluded from state administration jobs and the people in the power didn't had the same eligon an culture as the greeks. -
Greeks declared independence which was not not recognized
by the Turks. -
The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium.
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Greek victory thanks to French and British military intervention help
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The Congress of Vienna did not respect the
liberal principles or the nationalist aspirations of
some European peoples. The movement began in France and insurrections
spread all over Europe, with a significant popular
support In France, Charles X (absolute monarch)
was overthrown and substituted by the
constitutional monarch Louis Philippe I. -
Recognized independence
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It began in the Basque Country lead by the
experienced commander Zumalacárregui, who was defetated by the Liberal army
of General Espartero. Peace was signed at the Convention of Vergara. -
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. Prussia created a customs union
(Zollverein) -
The Grand National Consolidated Trades Union of 1834 was an early attempt to form a national union confederation in the United Kingdom.
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Firrst democratic constitution written in spain.
National sovereignty with census suffrage
- Separation of powers
- Two chambers: the Congress of Deputies and the Senate
- Granted many rights and individual liberties -
1830 -39: Armed conflict
after Belgium’s declaration of
independence -
This constitution created in the Moderate decade was much more moderate, but it had last the longuest time in spanish history.
- Highly restricted suffrage
- Civil liberties were restricted
- Sovereignty shared between the Cortes and the Crown
- Reorganisation of State and municipal administration. Only
the Basque Country and Navarre held on their statutory laws
(fueros) -
1st freely elected parliament offered the
crown of Germany to the king of Prussia, who
refused it -
People lived under the rule of an empire (Austrian, Russian and Ottoman) or were fragmented into various states (Germany and Italy)
strart beliveing in the Rise of liberalism, expansion of nationalism what develop in pursuit of independent Nations free from the control of absolutist empires. -
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.
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Was ruled by the liberal monarchy of Savoy with Cavour as Prime Minister,started the unification.
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Victor Manuel II of Savoy proclaimed king of
Italy -
New political figures in Prussia: King
Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck as chancellor -
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Das Kapital, also known as Capital. A Critique of Political Economy is a foundational theoretical text in materialist philosophy, economics and politics by Karl Marx.[
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The Republic's founding started with the abdication as King on 10 February 1873 of Amadeo I.
The next day, 11 February, the republic was declared by a parliamentary majority made up of monarchists. -
The Papal states were annexed and Rome became the capital
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Amadeo of Savoy was chosen to take the throne, supported by progressives,
unionists and democrats. Measures to help economic recovery and democratisation process.
A few days before its arrival, his main supporter, General Prim, was
assassinated. «Si fueran extranjeros los enemigos de España... pero son todos españoles» -
Proclamation of the Second German
Empire (or Reich) with Wilhelm I as Kaiser -
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The Second International was an organisation of socialist and labour parties, formed on 14 July 1889 at a Paris meeting in which delegations from twenty countries participated. The Second International continued the work of the dissolved First International, though excluding the powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and trade unions.
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