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Magna Carta was the first document forced onto a King of England by a group of his subjects, the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges.
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1625 - Charles I of England accedes to the English throne, and shortly after marries a French, Bourbon, Roman Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria
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1626 - Parliament dismisses George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham from command of English forces in Europe; Charles, furious, dismisses Parliament.
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1628 - Charles recalls Parliament; Parliament draws up Petition of Right which Charles reluctantly accepts. Which says that Charles must regularly hold Parliament and tells him off, takes away few of his rights
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1629 - Charles dismisses Parliament and does not call it again until 1640,
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1637 - Charles attempts to impose Anglican services on the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, Jenny Geddes reacts starting a tumult which leads to the National Covenant.
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13 April, first meeting of the Short Parliament
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5 May, Charles dissolves the Short Parliament
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3 November, first meeting of the Long Parliament.
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October, outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641
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1 December - The Grand Remonstrance is presented to the King
Grand Remonstrance was a list of grievances presented to King Charles I of England . -
20 August, King Charles I raises his standard at Nottingham and the war commences
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26 December, a faction of Scottish Covenanters sign The Engagement with Charles I
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7 December – Pride's Purge, when troops removed opponents of Oliver Cromwell from Parliament by force of arms resulting in Rump Parliament
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20 January 1649, The trial of Charles I of England by the High Court of Justice begins
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30 January 1649, Charles I of England executed by beheading
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5 February 1649, The eldest son of Charles I, Charles, proclaimed King of Scots in Edinburgh, Scotland
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1649-1653, The first period of the Commonwealth of England
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1 January, Charles II crowned King of Scots at Scone
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September, the start of the escape of Charles II
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20 April 1653, The Rump Parliament disbanded by Oliver Cromwell
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13 April 1657, Oliver Cromwell declines the crown of England
He says that he had failed as a leader and became what he ought to destroy -
1658-1659, The Protectorate under Richard Cromwell, who was Olivers son, who soon left because he was weak-willed.
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13 October 1659, Rump Parliament disbanded again by General Bishop
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1660, English Restoration and the return of King Charles II of England
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25 April 1660, Convention Parliament assembled for the first time
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The Glorious Revolution,was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by English Parliamentarians with the Dutch s William III of Orange with his wife Mary II of England. The Glorious Revolution had no violence that is wherethe nameis derived from
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Abraham Darby uses coke to smelt iron ore, replacing wood and charcoal as fuel.
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Louis XV succeeds his geat-grandfather and rules over France
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Louis succeeds Louis XV and comes to the throne at Versailles, he soon marries Mary Antionnette for French-Austrian benefits.
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First threshing machine was invented
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James Brindley's Bridgewater Canal opens. Barges carry coal from Worsley to Manchester.
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Ending the Seven Year’s War, also known as the French and Indian War in North America. France ceded all mainland North American territories, except New Orleans, in order to retain her Caribbean sugar islands. Britain gained all territory east of the Mississippi River; Spain kept territory west of the Mississippi, but exchanged East and West Florida for Cuba.
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Wary of the cost of defending the colonies, George III prohibited all settlement west of the Appalachian mountains without guarantees of security from local Native American nations.
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The first attempt to finance the defence of the colonies by the British Government.
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Seeking to defray some of the costs of garrisoning the colonies, Parliament required all legal documents, newspapers and pamphlets required to use watermarked, or 'stamped' paper on which a levy was placed.
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Colonial assemblies required to pay for supplies to British garrisons. The New York assembly argued that it could not be forced to comply.
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British troops arrive in Boston in response to political unrest.
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Angered by the presence of troops and Britain's colonial policy, a crowd began harassing a group of soldiers guarding the customs house; a soldier was knocked down by a snowball and discharged his musket, sparking a volley into the crowd which kills five civilians.
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In an effort to support the ailing East India Company, Parliament exempted its tea from import duties and allowed the Company to sell its tea directly to the colonies. Americans resented what they saw as an indirect tax subsidising a British company.
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Angered by the Tea Acts, American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians dump £9,000 of East India Company tea into the Boston harbour.
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Four measures which stripped Massachusetts of self-government and judicial independence following the Boston Tea Party. The colonies responded with a general boycott of British goods.
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First meeting
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Watt's first efficient steam engine, much more efficient than the Newcomen.
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First engagements of the Revolutionary War between British troops and the Minutemen, who had been warned of the attack by Paul Revere.
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The first major battle of the War of Independence. Sir William Howe dislodged William Prescott's forces overlooking Boston at a cost of 1054 British casualties to the Americans' 367.
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France provides aid to the Americans
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Continental Congress issues the Declaration of Independence
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British forces occupy New York after American defeats.
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American hope for winning restored after a glorious victory
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General Washington attacked Trenton to avoid a British advance, attacking the British rearguard and train near Princeton.
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Lacking supplies, 5,700 British, German and loyalist forces under Major General John Burgoyne surrender to Major General Horatio Gates in a turning point in the Revolutionary War.
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First steam powered mills. Crompton's "mule" combines Hargreaves' and Arkwright's machines, fully automating the weaving process.
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Surrender of British forces under Cornwallis at Yorktown.
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British have lost much and believe that it is no longer worth fighting, they request and resign for terms, to be following by the loss of trade, a disadvantage to both the USA and England
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The Revolution ended,
Victors: 13 Colonies, France
Losses: 13 Colonies, trade routes from 13 colonies, raw materials provided to England from the 13 colonies. -
Massachusetts rebellion led by the Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays against high taxes.
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Made Official, and set
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Tennis Court Oath was a pivotal event during the first days of the French Revolution. The Oath was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789.
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National Assembly declares itself Constituent Assembly.
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Armed citizens storm and capture the Bastille. Prisoner rebels, (few) are kept in the Bastille fortress, along with many weapons. Poor and fed up rebels attack the Bastille with light weaponry and few cannons, succesully winning the seige and recieving the ammunition and weapons within, also sending outa clear message to the royal nobles
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Great Fear’ begins as peasants revolt across France. Lack of food, money, France still in-debt and no income recieved, corrupt King and government causes the people (mostly low and medium class to revolt.
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National Assembly decrees Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, forcing it upon Louis XVI
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Women lead delegation to King in Versaille demanding bread. After scuffles, they are fobbed off by the King. Their main target was money-wasing, cake-eating Mary Antionnette, they attacked her bedroom and tore her bed sheets and her mattress with knives and pich forks
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Louis is forced to enter Paris, "House arrest"
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Titles removed, high nobles, rich Aristocrats targeted
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Louis XVI and Mary Antionnette attempt to flee to Varennes by dressing as house maids, but are recognised and forcibly returned to Paris. Shamed and humilliated they return
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King formally accepts Constitution.
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It was dissolved by the movment leaders, so early only o be followed by Legislative Assembly
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Legislative Assembly was operating under the French Constitution of 1791, between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention.
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Still the issue of Hunger and lack of food and money, and bankrupcy continues
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Austrian aid to the monarchy, is not tolerated y the French movement, they soon declare war on Louis' allies and are within a war with Austria, who his joined only by Prussia, France has greater problems within its borders
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French forces defeat the invading force at Valmy. Henceforth the Revolution would enjoy victory in its military conflicts.
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The Convention elected by the Legislative Assembly commences, abolishes monarchy; day one of the Republican Calendar.
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A site to behold
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Jacobin Constitution accepted by the Convention
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in France
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“Law of Suspects” initiates the Terror. The fact tha victims are hunted down, though innocent.. for not siding with Robespierre and his followers.
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Robespierre, the Committee of Public Safety and Jacobin Club denounce the Hébertists and Dantonists on framed-up charges and execute all the popular leaders. Robespierre becomes virtually the dictator.
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Victims will go to the guillotine now in batches of 50 or 60 at a time. An estimated 2,750 are executed of whom the great majority are poor.
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Charged with unnessecary executions, trie to evade through his speechskills, is tried and executed
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Napoleon assumes command of French army in Italy.
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Napoleon Bonaparte named “First Consul,” now the effective dictator.
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End of the Agricultural revolution 15th-19th centuries, start and follow up on the industrial revolution
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Crowns himself as Emperor, in France
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England passes a factory act against it.
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Petrol refining first used.
Natural Science Honours School established at Oxford. -
ftr many years of hard wor, Graham is successful increating a prototype of an actual soud transferring Telephone
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The Microphone is invented after Graham Bell's telephone
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Benz develops first automobile to run on internal- combustion engine.
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Eiffel Tower. is built and Hertz produces radio waves
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Persian rise in the oil industry and trade with England,
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Wright brothers make first powered flight.
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Henry Ford mass-produces the Model T.