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It was an artistic and philosophical movement that began in Italy. New emphasis on the power of human reason.
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Born in 1394. In 1418 he came upon Madeira Islands and est. colony at Porto Santo. Traveled as far as the Rio de Oro by 1436.
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Invented new printing press around 1440
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Became king of England in 1491. Resented the pop for not allowing his divorce. Formed Anglican Church and was the head of the church rather than a pope. He also took away all land from Catholic Church in England.
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Arrived in San Salvador in Bahamas 1492 and explored for Spain.
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1st to sail around Africa to India: 1497
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Spain takes lots of bullion from New World but suffers economic problems(inflation)& no productivity, along with growing population. Columbian Exchange takes place and Triangular trade happens.
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Creates statue David 1501-1504
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Creates Mona Lisa 1503- 1504
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Wrote “The Praise of Folly” 1509
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Believed faith saves people, not good works. Said ultimate authority over Christians was the Bible and that nobody was more important in God's eye. He nails 95 Theses on church door; pope excommunicates him. Goes into hiding and copies New Test. into German.
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Church was selling indulgences,
1610 During Ref. Louis XIII becomes king(8 yrs old), Church has Absolute power & wealth -
1st to circumnavigate globe: 1519
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Defeated the Aztecs: 1521. He claimed significant portions of Mexico for the Spanish Empire.
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Conquered the Incas: 1531. In 1532, Pizarro and his brothers conquered Peru.
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Founded the Jesuits 1534
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Claimed Canada; including Quebec: 1534. Explorer for France
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This was an era of curiosity, questioning ancient beliefs, conducting experiments, and new tools: such as scientific instruments.
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Believed in predestination(god knew would go where after death.) 1536-published landmark text institutes of christian religion; attempt to standardize theories of protestantism.
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Developed the theory of the Sun being the center: Heliocentric
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Became queen of England in 1558. Elizabeth was King Henry's VIII daughter and the one to combine Catholic style & Protestant teachings to the Anglican Church. She also made the Anglican church and official state church.
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2nd to sail around world:: 1577
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Wrote plays, Writes Romeo and Juliet 1597
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In 1598 King Henry IV gives Hug. religious freedom(Edict of Nantes).
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Idea of Divine Right: God had chosen him to rule the nation.Development of rights in England: Common Law, Magna Carta, and English Bill of Rights. Leads to English Civil War, The Restoration, and Glorious Revolution.
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Technologies
Forms of Art
New forms of literature
New form of writing called "novel"
New Music -
Wrote the story Don Quixote
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Published laws of Planetary motion, Proved Heliocentric model correct.
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Discovered new moons of Jupiter, new telescope and Saturn’s rings.
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Used laboratory experiments. Studied circulation of blood, observed human heat.
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Constitutional Monarchs: had limits on their power
Magna Carta: Creates Rule of Law and King can’t tax without consent of nobles
Parliament: controls taxes, Prime Minister head of parliament and kings top advisor
Common Law: Right to Jury and other rights (property, speech, and press) -
Wanted to rule by divine right but nobles would not let him. Leads troops to arrest them and the start of the English Civil War started.
Was defeated and executed in public, his family fled the country. -
Influenced by modern science and religious conflict coming from Reformation.
It was an Intellectual movement.
Philosophers emphasized the right of self expression and human fulfillment.
The Enlightenment paved the way for the American and French Revolution. -
Wrote Leviathan in 1651.
Believed all humans were wicked.
Government were created to protect people from themselves.
Figured an absolute monarch would be best. -
Lead the forces of Parliament against Charles I. Later on, became dictator of England and Parliament couldn’t do anything since he had an army at his command.
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After Cromwell’s death, Parliament came and ask Charles son Charles II to become king to restore the throne. At that moment is became as the Restoration, monarchy restored.
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Took power from the nobles, but tried to make France a great place so they would remember the person who boosted the country. Built the Palace of Versailles
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Discovered Laws of gravity and the 3 laws of motion.
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Still in the Medieval time, tried to bring Russia to modern society ways by making major changes but none of the changes were permanent.
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Parliament was so desperate to get rid of James II that they asked Mary and her husband, William of Orange to replace James II on the throne. No blood was shed in the turning over of power. Parliament is granted a lot more power by both William and Mary. William and Mary grant the people an English Bill of Rights
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Granted the people an English Bill of Rights (February 1689). Was handed their power by parliament without blood shed.
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Wrote Two Treatises on Government (1689).
Believed that people had the gift of reason.
Came up with the natural rights; life, liberty, and property. -
Made his country a Military society and keep his country safe and won many wars against opposing countries.
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Wrote the Spirit of Laws (1748).
Said the best form of government had separation of powers.
Believed England had best government.
Responsible for coming up with checks and balance. -
Wrote the Candide (January 15, 1759).
Felt that religious toleration should win over religious fanaticism.
Believed in the separation of church and state.
He wrote against Prejudice, Superstition, and Intolerance. -
Wrote the Social Contract (1762).
Said that “man was born free, yet everywhere he is in chains."
That civilization ,want the stronger ruled over the weaker. -
Military take over of the government called “coup d’ état (November 9, 1799).
Elected emperor of French Empire by submitting a plebiscite (1804).
Battle against Russia because they were increasing military power with the help of Czar.
Alexander I. Losing by sneak attacks while returning to France but the worst challenge was the Russian winter (1812).
Battle of Nations, Napoleon surrenders and gets exiled for the first time (March 1814).
Was defeated at Waterloo and exiled (June 18 1815). -
In 1789 everyone was part of the Three Estates.
Third Estate resented the privileged of the other Estates.
Louis XVI calls for Estate General (May 5, 1789).
Third Estates take the Tennis Court Oath when locked out (June 20, 1789).
July 14, 1789 people storm Bastille.
Great Fear- Peasants are afraid of being attacked by troops (July 17 and August 3 1789).
In August the National Assembly issued The Declaration of the Rights of Men (August 1789).
1793 Robespierre starts the Reign of Terror. -
Painted Liberty Leading the People (1830)
