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Muhammad dies and Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph
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Abu Bakr suppresses rebellious Arab tribes
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Abu Bakr sends Khalid al-Walid, his best general, to conquered the Sasanian and Byzantine Empires
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Abu Bakr dies; Umar succeeds him as the second caliph
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The Battle of Yarmouk; The Arabs conquer the Byzantine Empire
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Umar establishes the Muslim calendar
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Umar is assassinated by Piruz Nahavandi, a Persian captive. Uthman becomes the third caliph.
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A rebellion against Uthman is started and they kill him by burning him in his home. Ali becomes the fourth caliph.
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Ali is pressured, by Ayesha, to quell the rebellion as revenge for Uthman’s death. The rebellion is put down
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656 - The first Fitna (Islamic Civil War) Breaks out between Mu’awiya, Uthman’s extended family, and Ali.
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Battle of Siffin
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Mu’awiya sends ‘Amr ibn al-’As as an arbiter to reach a compromise
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The Kharijites, a portion of his army who felt he shouldn’t have accepted the arbitration, rebel against Ali. Ali loses much territory to Mu’awiya and other forces
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The Kharijites plan assassinations of the Islamic leaders and they fail to kill Mu’awiya, but assassinate Ali.
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Hasan ibn Ali, Ali’s son, becomes the fifth caliph. He agrees to unify both factions and give leadership to Mu’awiya, beginning the Umayyad caliphate.
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