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Jan 1, 1500
Crossing of the land bridge
-Humans from Asia/Russia cross the land bridge
-These humans were following the animals
-The land bridge was formed at a point called the Bearing straight (the point that connects north america to Asia)
-This was the first major migration into North America -
Jan 1, 1500
The First Occupants
-There are three major groups in the area of Canada at this time:
-Iroquoian groups lived near the Saint Laurence river where the land was fertile.
-Algonquian groups lived Canadian shield in the mountains where it was primal for hunting.
-Inuits lived in Northern Quebec. -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Population and Settlement
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Apr 20, 1534
Jaques Cartier Voyages
-Jaques Cartier's three voyages span from the years 1534-1541.His goals were to find a route to Asia, collect precious materials/minerals and claim new land for the King of France.
-On his first voyage, he travelled to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
-His Second voyage, was along the St. Lawrence River.
-On his third voyage, he tries to settle the lands, but its harsh winters prevent him from doing so. -
Port Royal
In 1605 Port Royal was built in Nova Scotia. Samuel de Champlain was a part of this however the plans of trade failed due to it being too far for the natives who travelled by canoe. -
Period: to
French Regime
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Samuel de Champlain
Founded Quebec and made contact with the natives (algonquins) in 1608. This was the first French settlement in Canada. -
The company of One Hundred Associates
In 1627, the King of France asked the company of One Hundred Associates to contribute to the population of New France. The population at the time was only about 100 people. The king wished for them to attract roughly 4000 however, they only managed to attract several hundred. -
Seigneurial Regime
The king of France wanted to populate his new lands of North America so, he implemented the seigniorial system. The king would give the rich and power french men (Seigneurs) large lands which would be sub divided by the peasants (censitaires) who lived there. The peasants who lived on this land would have to pay rent. -
Founding of Trois-Rivieres
Champlain sent Sieur Lavoilette to go to the confluence of the St.Maurice and St.Lawrence rivers. The settlement's purpose was to prevent the iroquis from intercepting trade and allowing maximal communication. -
Foundation of Ville-Marie
In 1642, Paul de Comedy de Maisonneuve founded Ville-Marie with Jeanne Mance. Ville-Marie was constructed to help evangelize the native groups of the surrounding area to catholicism. -
Jean Talon takes action
The king of France wants to increase the population of NF so he puts Jean Talon in charge. Talon encourages everyone (except french protestants and Huguenots) to live there. Criminals were given the option to go to NF instead of prison, soldiers were offered land in NF to stay after their service was over and orphaned girls were picked off the street and sent over to be quickly married. These girls were called filles de roi and were auctioned in NF. -
Filles de Roy Arrive
-Orphan girls in France are brought to New France
-They get put on a runway and are chosen by men
-The prettiest girls are from Quebec (first stop)
-They marry the man who chooses them
-Larger women are chosen over skinny to help them survive the winter -
Arrival of the soilders
-The arrival of 1200 soldiers from the Carignan-Sallière regiment came to New France to fight against the Iroquois. -Jean Talon encouraged the soldiers to stay in New France once their service was completed and offered to give them land.
-Around half of the soilders stayed and got married. -
7 year War
The 7 year war was between The british and France and would ultimately decide the fate of New France. The British won and took over the land however, they let all the inhabitants stay as long as they were loyal and followed the king of Britain. -
Period: to
British Regime
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Royal Proclamation
This proclamation officially gave New France to the British. All of the wealthy French returned to France, but the peasants and workers stayed as they felt it was their homeland, while the English businesses moved in. The population was already 99% French Catholic, which made it difficult for the british to rule. -
Slavery
-During the French Regime, there were roughly 4000 slaves. Most of them were Amerindian but roughly 1/3 were africans.
-The owners of the slaves were usually rich nobles. -
Quebec act
In an attempt to keep the french Canadians from joining the american in the revolution, the english create the Quebec act. it enlarged their province into the fertile lands below the Great Lakes to aid with farming, allowed them to practice the Catholic faith and French civil laws were kept. -
Immigration of the loyalists
During the American Revolution, roughly 40,000 loyalists left the US and came to Canada. 36,000 loyalists travelled to the maritimes while 6,000 travelled to Quebec. Because of this, the english population increases by 10%. -
Treaty of Versailles
This Treaty ended the Revolutionary American war over the independence of the thirteen colonies. Britain recognized the United States as an independent country so they agreed to sign the treaty. The treaty had negative effects on Quebec as they lost all the surrounding area near the great lakes. -
Constitutional act
Because the English population were unhappy about the french population, The constitutional act was signed which split Canada into two different parts: Upper Canada which given to Loyalists and English speakers which used English civil laws, while lower Canada was given to the French canadiens and used French Civil Laws. -
Irish immigration
The irish had to immigrate to Quebec because the potato were not growing properly in Ireland which caused a famine. They were starving to death and seeking a better life, took a boat to quebec. Most died along the travel but some of the children were adopted and taken in by the french. -
Religious diversity
-The majority of the people arrive in Quebec were no longer catholic. Many of the new arrivals were irish which meant that some were catholics so many of them integrated into the french Canadian community. -
Union act
The Union act united and redivided the province into Canada West and East. It made English the only official language, which caused the french to become a minority. -
Period: to
Contemporary period
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Rural exodus
Many people decided to emigrate to either the United States or Canada west due to the overpopulation of farmlands, a lack of jobs and the agricultural crisis. Roughly 200,000 people emigrated. -
Aboriginals during the Contemporary Period
-The British disapprove of the lifestyle of the natives and successfully take over their land. They are forced onto reservers. The aboriginals where unhappy about this so the Indian act in 1876. There have been numerous incidents in the past involving the natives such as the James bay cree and the Oka crisis. -
Evolution of life expectancy
during the 18th century there were Low life expectancy due to poor living conditions, diseases and famine. During the 19th century there were many medical advances however the life expectancy in the city was still low due to poor working conditions. In the 19th century due to many advances like pasteurized milk, chlorinated and filtered water and advancements in hygiene as well as numerous new medicines.
