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Pope Gerogory IX authorized Dominicans, also known as the Order of Preachers to combat heresy and promote the teachings of the Catholic Church. Pope granted official approval for the order to exist because they preach and spread the faith, as well as to combat theological errors. https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-9-1-a-the-inquisition-looking-into-the-human-soul#:~:text=Gregory%20authorized%20the%20leaders%20of,are%20destroyed%20and%20.%20.%20.%20.
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The "Directorium Inquisitorum" is a book written by Nicolas Eymeric. It served as a guidebook for inquisitors, providing them with instructions on how to carry out their duties and prosecute individuals accused of heresy. The book covered various aspects of the Inquisitorial process, including the methods of interrogation, and the punishment of those found guilty.
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Nicolas was a Roman Catholic theologian, grand inquisitor at Aragon, and supporter of the Avignon Papacy. He is best known for his work as an inquisitor and his influential book called "Directorium Inquisitorum". His work had a significant impact on the methods and practices of the Inquisition during the Medieval period. His writing influenced the way heresy were dealt with by the Catholic Church.
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The massacres of Jews in Spain in 1391 were caused by religious tensions, economic competition, and political unrest. It was initiated by individuals and groups who held Semitic beliefs and prejudices. The first attack occurred in June which was instigated by Jew-baiting priest Ferrand Martinez in Seville. He was forcing them to convert to Christianity. Thousands of Jews were forced to convert to Christianity.
https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/112389/jewish/The-Massacres-of-5151.htm -
Alfonso de Espina writes The Fortress of the Faith against Jews, Muslims and other Enemies of the Christian Faith. It aimed to strengthen the faith of catholic believers and provide arguments against those who challenged the teachings of the Church. It was considered an important work in the context of religious debates.
https://www.brandeis.edu/now/2013/october/witches.html -
The marriage between Ferdinand II and Isabella I united the Kingdoms of Aragon and Castile and than into Catholic Monarchs. To enforce religious uniformity, Pope Sixtus IV issued a decree to authorizing the Catholic Monarchs to name inquisitors. The Inquisitors were so severe in their methods that Situ tries to intervene but Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to use it to increase their power. There was persecution and expulsion of Jews, and non-Catholic
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The first auto de fe in Sevilla took place on 02/06.1481. It was a public ceremony held by the Spanish Inquisition to pronounce the judgments on those accused of heresy or other religious offenses, and was intended to intimidate and control the population, reinforcing the power of the Inquisitions. Six individuals were burned at the stake for their alleged crimes against the Catholic faith.
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/auto-de-fe -
The treaty was between the Catholics Monarchs and the last Muslim ruler of the Emirate of Granada, Muhammad XII. The treaty marked the end the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Muhammed surrendered Granada to the Catholic Monarchs as part of the treaty which brought an end to Muslim rule in Spain. The treaty granted religious freedom and protection for the Muslim but was gradually eroded leading to the forced conversion of Muslims.
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The event was considered the starting point of the Protestant Reformation. His theses were a list of grievances and criticisms against practices of the Catholic Church. His act of nailing the theses to the church door was a way to spark scholarly debate and reform within the church. It led to the establishment of protestant denominations.
https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/luther.html#:~:text=On%20October%2031%2C%201517%2C%20Martin,the%20church%20at%20Wittenberg%2C%20Germany. -
Roman Inquisition was established by Pope Paul the 3rd in 1542 as a response to the Protestant Reformation. Its purpose was to combat heresy and maintain the authority of the Catholic Church. It took place in Rome and its territories where they carried out investigations, trials, and punishments for those who accused of heresy. https://www.pennpress.org/9780812244731/the-roman-inquisition/
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The Council of Trent was convened in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Council aimed to address the issues raised by the Protestant movement and to being about reform within the Catholic Church. https://www.togetheratonealtar.catholic.edu.au/explore/council-of-trent/
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The purpose of the Congregation of the Index was to create and maintain a list of prohibited books. It was intended to protect Catholic doctrine and morals by identifying and banning books that were heretical, immoral, or dangerous to the faith.
https://www.hostcatholiclynn.org/st--pius-v-history#:~:text=In%201571%2C%20Pius%20created%20the,a%20foot%20hold%20in%20Italy.