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At the age of 40, Muhammad, reports receiving revelations from the archangel Gabriel. He reports these revelations, and his followers memorize and transcribe them into the Qu'ran. He starts preaching to the people of Mecca, but the Meccan ruling class, the Quraysh, is threatened and considers him a threat to their power.
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Two important tribes of the ruling Quraysh declare boycott against the Muslims and their supporting clan. The triber were the Makhsum and the Bany Abd-Shams. Under the boycott, no one would trade with them or marry thm. This pressure would convince the Muslims to stop supporting Muhammad.
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The boycott is officially canceled, but only after the Hashemites are forced to migrate to a different area. Both Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Khadijah, Muhammad's first wife, die as a result of the boycott, making this the Year of Sorrow.
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Muhammed, with his family and followers, performs the Hijra to the city of Medina. Muhammad created the the Constitutions of Medina after arrivingm which creates the first islamic state. It institutes rights and responsibilities for all the natives of Medina, including religious freedom, barring of all violence and weapons in Medina, the security of women, stability in tribal relations, and a justice system for settling disputes. -
The Arabic tribes ally with Mecca agains the Muslims in Medina after some inconclusive battles. However, Muhammad was able to negotiate and break up the alliance. This combined with the well-organized defense and poor weather for the iinvaders. It gave the Muslims a decisive victory. -
The muslims are able to return the next year for a peaceful pilgrimage thanks to the ten-yeat truce with the Meccan tribe and the Quraysh. Many tribes begin to convert to Islam after the treaty.
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Muhammad gathers his forces for an invasion of Mecc afterthey break peace by attacking a ribe allied to the Muslims. He spllit his army into four columns. Only one column faces any resistance, which quickly surrenders, and Muhammad takes the city with nearly no deaths. The Quraysh are forced to convert to Islam. -
The Arabian tribes had converted to islam by the time of his death ¡. Their control passes to the Rashidun, which contains first four leaders of Islam after Muhammad. -
A civil war begins and marks the first time Muslims forces battle other Muslim forces. Mu'awiyah, Muslim governor of Syria, tries to claim power over the current caliph, Ali, and goes to war against him. -
Mu'awiyah's forces come against Ali's at the battle of Siffin, but it ends in negotiations. Ali's son becomes the next caliph. He comes to an agreement with Mu'awiya to unify the factions of Islam, giving the control of the caliphate over to Mu'awiya, who founds the Umayyad Caliphate. -
strife breaks out between Muslims after the death of Mu'awiya. This is recognized as the first official break between Sunni Muslims and the Shi'a. The Umayyad forces are eventually able to put the uprisings down during the siege of Mecca in 692. -
A cultural floweing called the Islamic Golden Age begins fue to the wealth from the expanded empire and the empire's centrality to trade between Africa and Asia. Most of it is centered in Baghdad, including the famed House of Wisdom, a grand library of collected writings. The first degree-granting university is created, and great classical works by Copernicus, Aristotle, and many others are translated into Arabic and preserved. Great advances also occur in medicine and mathematics. -
The Mongols invade Baghdad to extend their rule further into Mesopotamia. They kill al-Musta'sim after capturing the city and destroy most part of the grand libraries, and the House of Wisdom too. The Muslim world goes into a serious political decline. -
Muslim populations spread due to economic migration. The population of Muslims starts to double around 1869 into 1914, spreading into Eastern Asia, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Migration also eventually spreads to countries in western Europe.