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Apr 19, 1014
Ireland ruled by three dynasties
Not unified but usually the king in control of Dublin was recognized as the king of Ireland. Three dynasties
1) McMurroughs of Leinster
2) O'Connors of Connacht
3) MacLoachlainns of the north -
Period: Apr 19, 1058 to Apr 19, 1093
Malcolm III (Scotland)
King of Scotland who married an Anglo-Saxon Princess. Scotland survived Norman conquest and adopted Anglo Saxon and Norman culture. Malcolm's son David I was raised in the English court by his sister Matilda I who married Henry I. David mints coins, grants charters and founds sheriffdoms. This is an example of voluntayr assimilation. -
Apr 19, 1066
William the Conquerer takes England
Replaces Anglo-Saxons elites with Normans and keeps political ties to France. The Angevin /Plamtaganet dynasty was meanwhile thriving and influencing Britain (The Irish, Scottish, and Welsh eventually recognize them as rulers of Britain). -
Apr 19, 1066
Jews begin coming to England
Jews began coming during the Norman invasion. Because Christians couldn't practice moneylending, they did. Christians became bitter over the interest charged and that coupled with their disdain for Jewish religious beliefs. They believed that Jews were responsible for Christ's crucifixion. Christians separated them and made them wear badges and live in separeate ares of town. -
Period: Apr 19, 1066 to Apr 19, 1154
House of Normandy
House begins with William the Conquerer (William I)
William II, Henry I (brother of William II). The Barons rejected Matilda as a monarch. After the death of Henry I, there was a civil war between Matilda and Stephen (a nephew). Eventually Matilda's son took the throne. -
Apr 19, 1071
Defeat of Byzantine Empire by Turks
Alexius (the remnant of Roman Empire) appeals to the West to save the Holy Land from heathens. This is taken up by Pope Urban II. -
Period: Apr 19, 1096 to Apr 19, 1099
First Crusade
Response to Alexius's request for help. There were several aims of the crusades. To re-conquer Jerusalem, to safeguard Christian pilgrims, to win material gain, re-unify Orthodox and Catholic churches. Robert I (son of William I) took part in this one and it was the most successful in terms of setting up Christian kingdoms. However, revealed deep intolerance to Jews and Muslims and provoked Muslim responses. -
Apr 19, 1154
Henry of Anjou takes the throne
He was Matilda's son whose father was the Count of Anjou. Because the Plantagenets were vassals to the King of France, France was the ultimate power. Henry spent 13 out of 34 years in England and created an absentee rule. He also inherits Maine, Touraine, and Aquitaine. There are three houses here: Angevin, Lancaster and York started by his sons who attempted to overthrow him. Succeeded by Richard the Lion Hearted. -
Period: Apr 19, 1154 to Apr 19, 1399
House of Plantaganet
A time of subserviance to France. The "empire" created by Henry II carried on through Richard I but collapsed under his brother John. Under this house (starting with Henry II) there was a religious revival -
Apr 19, 1165
Welsh drive back British
Invasions of Wales begin a a project of Norman lords on the border of the Welsh Marches. (marcher lords). The Welsh in general are poorer and less unified. -
Apr 18, 1170
Marriage of Strongbow and Aife
McMurrough ask Henry II to help in warfare between his tribe and the O'Connors. Richard De Clare (an Anglo-Saxon earl) marries Aife, the daughter of Dermont McMurrough and takes Dublin from the O'Connors. When McMurrough dies, Stronbow is king. However, Henry was scared that the earls will begin to take over Ireland and so invades and gives the title to his youngest son an hands out Ireland to his French followers. John I unites England and Ireland. -
Apr 19, 1170
Assasination of Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket supported the Gregorian reform (ultimate authority as Pope instead of King). His death made him a symbol of religious freedome. After his murder, Henry II agreed that the Pope could have a say in English affairs and the King could have a say in appointments. -
Apr 19, 1171
Welsh accept English overlordship
Rulers become Princes. Greatest in Prince Llywelyn. (subjugated to Edward I). He rules Wales in peace and prosperity. -
Apr 19, 1176
Henry II makes Legal Reforms
The beginning of a lessening of Kingly power. Henry divides the country into districts (circuits), appoints judges for each circuit, and applies common law (applies to everyone). Also includes a jury system that limits the power of the sheriff. In essence, standardized justice and stopped vigilante versions. -
Period: Apr 19, 1189 to Apr 19, 1192
Third Crusade
Led by Richard I (LionHeart) hoped to re-take Jerusalem, but failed and Constaninople fell. In following Crusades, they not only fought against Muslims but also Christian heretics. Very mixed results for the Crusades - in long term didn't achieve much. Although it was an excellent time for cultural contact. Silk, spices, etc. became known to England. Also transfer of knowlege as missionaries were sent out and started to write accounts. -
Apr 19, 1200
Hereford Mappa Mundi
A map showing the religious revival of the 13th century. Had a TO pattern with Jerusalem in the center. Religion was so important that it had to have repercussions in the world. Nobles funded churches and lords of manors chose priests and took part of tithes and burial fees. Churches held 25% of the land. Gregorians rebelled and argued that priests had a primary allegiance to the Pople. -
Period: Apr 19, 1200 to Apr 19, 1300
English colonization of Ireland
During an agricultural boom in England they begin to systematically colonize Ireland. Settlers are given incentives and mostly settle in the South East driving the Irish to the highlands and the bogs. Establish feudal system - Irish kings become vassals to earls. English law introduced and celts driven away. -
Jun 12, 1215
Magna Carta 2
and, power of sheriffs restricted, and liberties of boroughs confirmed. It was largely ignored, but for the first time it adressed the rights of people besides the King and was a movement toward widening power. -
Jun 12, 1215
Magna Carta
The first real attempt to limit the power of the monarch. Came from a conflict between the barons and the monarch. The King of France didn't have much land power and tried to claim back land from barons. The King is also being very imperial and to pay for defense and war he taxes the barons. The climax happens under King John because barons are not supposed to be used to generate revenue. It stated that no freemand could be exiled/killed without trial by jury, liberties to the Church of Engl -
Apr 19, 1258
Provisions of Oxford
Beginning of Parliament started by monetary trouble. Henry III was taxing barons to fund his war against France. And so the barons attempt to restrict the king and put power into a council. -
Apr 19, 1259
Provisions of Westminister
Increasing tension between Henry III and barons. This consolidated the new form of government set out in Oxford. -
Apr 19, 1265
First House of Commons
After a war between Henry III and barons, in which the barons win, Simon of de Montford takes temporary control of England and summons barons, knights, and reps from boroughs to meet together. -
Apr 19, 1286
Alexander III dies
King of Scotland dies without and heir so Edward I claims overlordship. Scottish and poorer with lesser military. Edward appoints John Malliol who doesn't want it and treats him as a baron. -
Apr 19, 1290
Edward I expells Jews from England
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Apr 18, 1295
Auld Alliance
Formal alliance between Scotland and France. The Scottish want help repelling the English overlordship. Holds for the next three centuries. French declare war on England and Scotland invades England. However, England retaliates and defeats them at Dunbar in 1296. -
Apr 19, 1295
Model Parliament
Simon is defeated by Edward I, but Edward keeps idea of parliament of knights from counties and burgesses from boroughs. He keeps them because he can only levy taxes through consultation. Art shows House of Lords with Kings of Scotland and Wales as well as law officers and clergy. -
Apr 18, 1296
Stone of Scone taken from Scotland
The stone used to cornonate Scottish monarchs is removed from Scotland by Edward I as part of English colonization of Scotland. -
Period: Apr 18, 1296 to Apr 18, 1328
Scottish Wars of Independence
Scotland has been defeated by Edward I from their raids after the Auld Alliance. Mostly a stalemate until Robert the Bruce assumes kingship in 1305. He outlived Edward I and Edward II. His son David II was challenged by the descendents of Balliol and Balliol (helped by Edward III) recognized the king of England. When Edward III was caught up in the Hundred Years War, after Balliol dies, David becomes recognized as the official King of Scotland. -
Apr 19, 1301
Direct rule of Wales
Lleywelyn's son rebels and is put down by Edward I who takes the princeship away and gives it to his son. Now imposes real English rule - shires, English law, castles (extremely expensive and makes barons angry). -
Apr 19, 1320
Declaration of Abroath
appeal to the Pople to recognize Scottish independence. Pope John XXII agreees with them -
Period: Apr 18, 1332 to Apr 18, 1357
More Scottish Wars of Independence
Scottish resistance under Edward Balliol who defeated David II with help of Edward III. David returns from exile, invades England during Hundred Years War and eventually recognized as King of Scotland. -
Apr 19, 1348
Breakdown of Feudalism because of Black Plague
In Ireland and Wales it happens one year later. It was brought through trade from Asia. Pop decreased by 1/3-1/2. Labour shortage helps peasants and serfs. Moving toward monetary pay. Serfs can leave lords and look for better pay so loyalty changes. Lords also have to pick now between warring kings of England, Gentry and middle class eventually gain power over the nobility.
Scotland, Ireland, Wales and France. -
Apr 19, 1349
Black Death in Ireland
Changes settlement of Ireland. Fewer settlers go there and many others leave. The lords begin to mix with the Irish and adopt their ways. English only ruled the Pale around Dublin. Everythingn else was considered uncivilized and uncouth -
Period: Apr 18, 1455 to Apr 18, 1485
War of the Roses
Split between Edward III's 3rd and 4th sons. 3rd son is John of Gaunt house of Lancaster (red rose) and the 4th son is Edmund of Langely the house of York (white rose). In this time the throne goes back and forth between houses. (Lancaster x3, York, Lancaster, York x3) -
Apr 19, 1483
Edward V
A young Lancaster prince under the regency of Richard Duke of Glousester dissapears. He was presumably murdered by his uncle and public opinion of the Lancasters fails. -
Apr 19, 1485
House of Tudor
Henry Tudor (Henry VII) who was in exile invades England and marries Elizabeth of York. His mother was of the House of Lancaster and his wife from the House of York so he unites the houses and combines the roses. -
Period: Apr 19, 1485 to
House of Tudor
Associated with the expansion of decision making power. They also had an incredible amount of wealth (beginning with Henry VIII's dissolution of the Church). This dominates any power of the nobles and parliament. Claimed governance by divine right. The parliament is still in place
but bows to the wishes of the monarchs. Era also begins English exploration and privateering on Spanish fleets and colonies. -
Period: Apr 19, 1500 to
Irish Plantations
To subjugate Irish Catholocism, England sends in Scottish and English settlers to create model farms. Now have Scottish Presbyterians, English Anglicans, and Irish Catholics. -
Period: Apr 19, 1500 to
English Renaissance
Driven by human philosophy with an emphasis on individual uniqueness. Literature and music more important than art inEngland. Hans Holbein the exception. See emphasis on navigation and exploration as well as music. OBvious welath, much of it from colonies. Milton, Donne, Shakespeare, and Spenser. -
Apr 18, 1517
Martin Luther's 95 Theses
Protest agains the indulgences and corruption of power of the priests and popes. Martin Luther advocated freedom of conscience and believed everyone was responsible for thier own soul. Religous divisions now are a major factor in England. France and Spain remain Catholic. -
Apr 19, 1534
Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII brings Habout English Reformation to advance his divorce of Catherine of Aragon. (A top down revolution). This act makes him the supreme ruler of the Church and dissolves monestaries, which gives him tremendous wealth and land to give to his nobles. He has the bible translated into English. Because it was a top down revolution Anglicanism was quite
similar to Catholocism. Still rich ornamentation. In Wales, he allowed Welsh to be national language of religion. Ireland resists. -
Apr 18, 1542
Mary I marries King of France
Scotland would not be coerced by Henry VIII. They were no longer a part of England. Due to Auld Alliance, Mary I and Scotland remained Catholic.. When she marries Frances in 1559 she goes to France. However, in her absense Protestantism has taken root. She finds country divided between Presbyterian nobles and lowlands and Catholic highlands. She marrries Henry Stuart (a Catholic) and a rebellion results. Nobility rejects Pope. She is deposed, imprisoned and flees to England. -
Apr 19, 1553
Mary I
Daughter of Catherine of Aragon and a firm Catholic, she must reverse the Protestantism of Henry VIII and Edward VI. Many Protestants flee to Europe (Puritans) but not enough to Catholosize England permanently. -
Apr 19, 1558
Elizabeth I
Tries to popularize half way - watered down Anglicanism. She re-establishes herself as the head of the Anglican Church with the Second Act of Supremacy. Enacts book of common prayer. -
Apr 19, 1563
John Hawkins
First slave trader. Supplied colonies with slaves who were kidnapped by intermediaries in Africa. They were cheaper than endnetured Irish who were sent by Cromwell. 12-15 million Africans were taken. Slave traders also supplied Spanish colonies. Became popular to have slaves in Britain in the 17th century. Early settlement in colonies was by Chartered companies like the HBC, Virginia, and merchent company. -
Period: to
First Empire
Primarily English settlers who left for religous reasons and colonies of chartered companies feuling mercantilism. The Puritans went to Plymouth (1620) , the Catholics to Maryland (1634), and the Quakers to Pennsylvania (1681). It was also driven by mercantilism, which led to plantations and the need for slaves. -
Death of Mary Queen of Scots
Catholics considered Elizabeth a bastard and Elizabeth suspected Mary of plotting to overthrow her. She had her killed after 18 years of imprisonment. -
Battleof Gravelines
Spanish Armada battles English fleet. Spain emerging as major power opposed to Protestant England. Spain has a new empire overseas with many goods and wealth. When Philip II learns that Mary I has been executed he believes he needs to defeat England to defeath Dutch Protestants in Spain. Britain unexpectadly wins in this battles and begins era of English prominance in sea. -
Period: to
Scientific Revolution
Going away from idea that all answers are found in the bible. It is a product of the Protestant reformation. New emphasis on reasons and empiricism. Universal laws through experimentation. Newton's Laws of Gravity, mathematics, anatomy, At this point there is litte conflict with religion - but a mixture of superstiction (alchemy) and valid science. -
Period: to
Reign of James I
Elizabeth dies childless and appoints Mary I's son James I as king. Stuarts replace the Tudors. Thrones of Scotland, and England joined. As Scotland embraces Protestantism, they drift away from France. Rules a divided England: Catholics vs. Puritans, Parliament vs. King, and middlings vs. nobles. Middlings want representation in parliament - they have more power since exploration.
France. -
Gunpowder Plot
Guy Fawkes attempts to burn Parliament. A disgruntled Catholic who wanted increased freedom for Catholics. Shows intense conflict between Catholics and increased Papist fear. -
King James Bible Released
Puritans hated the extravagence of Catholocism and Anglicanism so James agrees to a revision of the Bible. -
Mayflower
Many Puritans leave for theh new world to colonize for religious freedom. -
Period: to
Reign of Charles I
Parliament wanted concessions and the king needd them to finance his wars. While Catholic anxieties were bad, Charles marries a Catholic and also favoured the Anglican Church. Many saw him as a closet Papist. When going to war with Spain, he wanted to tax more and forces landowners to give him loans, bypassing the parliament. The loan is not enough
and he has to reinstate parliament. War between Cavaliers (Royalists) and Roundheads (Parliamentarians) -
Petition of Right
Made the King agree to never impose loans, nor imprison without trial, and not to bypass parliament. He gets the loan when he signs it but then disbands parliament for 11 years. -
Scottish National Covenant
Scottish resistance to Charles I. Vowed to never allow him to impose Anglicanism on their Presbyterian country. Charles invades but cannot subsidize the war and loses. Scotland wants recognized Scottish church, ascendance over Anglicanism and equality with England in trade. Also the parliament to meet every 3 years with or without summons. -
Confederation of Kilkenny
Made to protect Catholocism against England. In 1641 there was a massive loss of property to Protestant settlers. The rebellion killed thousands and most of Ireland was taken back by rebels. Creates extreme anxiety in England over Catholic plotters. -
Period: to
English Civil War
In 1641 John Pym (a Puritan) puts out a list of grievances about Charles I. Charles thinks they are plotting and arrest suspicous people. House of Commons takes refuge in London among the middlings. Becomes a civil war between roundheads and cavaliers. In 1645 they king needs money but the war drags on. 1647 the army coups the paliament over lack of care and army dominates parliament. Charles I is eventually defeated and tried for treason. The army abolishes the House of Lords and monarchy. -
Solemn League and Covenant
Scotland Aligns with the Parliamentarians -
Period: to
Interregnum
Also known as the Cromwellian period - a time between monarchs. Weird fast forward to a republic. Had a single chambered parliament but Cromwell disbanded it and institutes army control naming himself Lord Protectorate. Puritan rule opposed to catholocism, ornamentation, ritual etc. Very strict. Cronwell repeals act of uniformity (Anglicanism) and allows Jews back into England. Legal religous tolerance. His son Richard Cromwell is incompetant. -
British Navigation Acts
A product of mercantilism, the acts abolished the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies. This type of protectionism was common. There were many tariffs to keep the colonies from importing foreign goods. This was all part of mercantilism which was supposed to secure a good balance of trade for the mother country. They imported cheap raw materials and then sold goods to the colonies for a profit. -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell
A member of parliament, middling and Puritan who led army. Very rigid discipline. Harsh measures to resistance. Created new model army. Scotland did not participate in free state but crowned Charles II King of Scotland. Had to deal with leveller who wanted radical equality (votes for all men and even women), wen to campaign against catholocism, marched on Scotland in battle of Dunbar to occupy. Brought Ireland/Scotland/Welsh into harsh union. -
Restoration begins
Richard Cromwell is incompetant and the Commonwealth is re-established. An army from Scotland led by General Monck re-instated Charles II and created the Convention Parliament, which would meet with or without the king's summons. Most people were glad because they did not like Puritanism or Catholocism. Puritanism was repressed. Protestantism encouraged. -
Test Act
Showed the return to religous intolerance that defined the Restoration. This act also reacted against Charles II who was suspected of being a Papist. It excluded Catholics from military and civil office. -
Second Test Act
Excluded Catholics, Jews and atheists from sitting in Parliament -
Popish Plot
Amplified anti-Catholic feelings. Charles II was already suspected of being Catholic. He has a son who is raised Catholic and may have made an agreement with the king of France. His brother is also Catholic. This plot attempted to put his brother on the throne but parliament steps in to stop the succession. -
John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress
John Bunyan, a Puritan was imprisoned for preaching Puritanism. It was outlawed in the Restoration, which reacted against the strictness of the Cromwell period. He was counted among the dissenters (any group outside of Anglicanism). It is interesting that religous tolerance ended with the restoration. -
Period: to
Exclusion Crisis
In parliament there is one of the first cohesive groups called the Whigs. They want to exclude the king's brother from succession. They are opposed by the Torries who also do not want James but want proper succession. -
Glorious Revolution
Conflict between teh torries and the Whigs. Illustrated by Thomas Hobbes who, like the Torries, believed people needed absolute monarchs to prevent human warring nature. John Locke believed that people should have the right to get rid of tyrants like Charles II and James II. Both agreed that James needed to be replaced (Tories for religous reasons, Whigs to limit power of crown). -
Bill of Rights
Part of the Glorious Revolution. Invited Mary II to co-rule with her husband William of Orange. It condemned the illegal acts of Charles II and James II. Said that parliament had to be held frequently, elections must be free, freedom of speech and voluntary taxation. Adresses the rights of parliament. Glorious for England, with national identity as Protestant, but not for Irish and Scottish -
Seige of Derry
Followed by Battle of Boyne in 1690. Done by Jacobites who supported James II in Ireland. They rebelled but were harshly supressed by William of Orange. The rebellion created even more Catholic fear in England. -
Treaty of Limerick
More confiscation of Irish property. Rigid penal code against Irish and Catholics. In 1688 Irish had held about 22% of land. Went down to 14% in 1700. Word Enniskillen used for Irish bitterness and resentment. They become an expample of British imperialism. Cromwell's supression also caused bitterness. -
Public Forums gain popularity
By this time there are 500 coffee houses in London. Because middle class men cannot be in parliament, they turn to public forums to critisize government and talk about ideas. Really boosted by the printing press as literacy goes up. -
Period: to
Enlightenment
All about listening to your senses - reason and rationality and experiment. Optimism about nature - that we can master it and society can continually improve. The individiual is the starting point. Deims is common - a rational religion and creator. Many ideas came from Scotland, especially about industrialization: Adam Smith, David Hume, Robert Berns. More respected since unification. Adam Smith with Wealth of the Natons especially influential. -
Act of Settlement
Ensures that Anne (daughter of James) will succeed and then Princess Sohpia of Germany who is Protestant will bring in the House of Hanover. Essentially now the parliament is handling the question of succession. -
Act of Security of Scotland
Scottish maintain that they have the right to choose their own monarch and are not subject to House of Hanover. Influenced by Jacobite preaching of Presbyterian clergy they claim that they want a Stuart on the throne. -
British Alien Act
Furious with Act of Security, Britain says that if Scots do not discuss union with Britain they will be treated as aliens in Britain and there will be an embargo on Scottish goods. Brings Scots to bargaining table and for money they agree to union under the house of Hanover. Their own parliament is dissolved and HOC and HOL is mixed. -
Period: to
House of Hanover
Started with Act of Union in 1707, which made Princess Sohpia the ruler of both Scotland and England. Ends with Queen Victoria the granddaughter of George III. -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
Britain's prominance as an imperial power allowed them to industrialize first. Imperialism provided capital, materials and market. General increase in standard of living and more consumer goods. Cotton industry at forefront of mechanization. Re-distribution of wealth. Instead of centers in the south, now the midlands and the north are important. Coal is the other industry - feuled itself. Ports also becomes prominant. Ireland remains agrarian. -
Tea Act
A tax is placed on tea from the East India Company. This angers Americans and leads to the Boston Tea Party. Britain responds by sending in troops and strengthening their administration. Thomas Paine's pamphlets attempt to fight it. -
Period: to
American War of Independence
Mercantilism was good for the colonies. They could not create their own industries, but English foreign trade was doubling. Tension arise mostly over taxation without representation. Britain needs the money to keep their standing army in US and fun Seven Years War. Taxes make sure Americans import British goods. The eventual loss of America worries Britain and Canada becomes their last hope for New World colony of the First Empire. -
Declaration of Independence
Declares war which lasts until 1783 with the Treaty of Paris. -
Period: to
Second Empire
Huge territory aquisition and increase in settlment. Australia used for criminals. Settler colonies in Canada and New Zealand. Indian empire is the wealthiest and most prestigious. Also scattered colonies in Africa, Asia, and Pacific. Displaced natives onto reserves. New trade triangle between England, India, and China - forces China into open borders (Opium Wars). New laissez faire trade which rejected protectionism. No monopolie or tariffs. Natural world, natural economy. -
Society of United Irishmen
The revolutions in France and America inspired the Irish. This group transcended religous lines. It was centered in both Dublin and Belfast. Led by Wolfe Tone (a Protestant) it aimed to get independent Irish institutions and perpetuate religious cooperation. It was mostly secret and futile but in 1798 the leaders are arrested and the insurrection collapses. -
Vindication of the Rights of Women
Written by Mary Wollstonecraft, who was the first feminist or "reasonable woman." She claimed that virtue was attained through pursuit of reason and it was not reasonable to submit without any reason. Ie. reason had more power than men. Image of Imago Dei: we can all reason so we are all in the image of God. Men putting women in a bad spot for salvation. -
Act of Union
Britian needed more tangible contorl over Ireland after their insurrections. Coerces them into the Act of Union. They dissolve Irish parliament and add them into the HOC and HOL with minor representation. -
Battle of Trafalgar
Napoleon after he invaded the Netherlands and ports involved in British trade had an opportunity to invade Britain from the coast. This battle ended the fear of Napoleonic invasion. -
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon is defeated. England gets extra colonies from France, Spain, and the Netherlands. Gets Cape Colony and Ceylon. Then withdraw from European affairs into splendid isolationism. The Napoleonic wars meant expansion of the empire (pax britannica) and withdrawal from Europe. -
Catholic Relief Act
The Act of Uniformity in 1659 kept Catholics from standing in civil or military office. The Test Act made you prove your faith as an Anglican before voting, running, or entering university. Daniel O'Connell resisted this. He won his election but couldn't sit .The relief act let him and 39 Irish MP's in. They wanted a repeal of the Act of Union - to still be part of the UK but have their own parliament and self government (would be better for peasants). -
Reform Act
There were three major issues in Victorian Britain: 1) a growing middle class with economic clout but no parliamentary representation 2) irregularities in voting system 3) an alienated and diseased working class. This act dealt with middle class concerns: only had to hold property of 10 pounds a year (1/6 of males), and rotten and pocket boroughs done away with. The working class feels betrayed and starts Chartist movement. -
Queen Victoria crowned
Begins the 2nd Empire and age of imperial dominance. She aquires huge amounts of territory all over the world. -
Period: to
Victorian Era
Industrialization fueling imperialism. Rise of the middle class who dominate industry. Wives now part of private sphere - not involved in family businesses. Goal to have children and wives idle. Evangelicalism by Charles Wesley emphasizes seriousness of Christianity, self sufficiency, and good works. (derivitive of Puritanism). Men are hardworking breadwinners, women are angels of houses. Evangelicalism dictates household. -
Period: to
Irish Potato Famine
Period of intense famine in Ireland when potato crops die. After the act of union Ireland remained agrarian and did not benefit from england's wealth. 1 million die and 1 million leave. Seen as a holocaust or genocide because England refused to intervene in laissez faire fashion. Large estates were absentee and rent was high. Finally in 1846 reversed some protectionist policies but it was too late. -
Repeal of Corn Laws
The grains had been protected by taxes on foreign imports. The repeal accomodated the middle class and working class who could buy bread much cheaper now. -
The Great Chartist Meeting
Chartists were working class who demanded universal male suffrage, a secret ballot (to prevent pocket boroughs), payment of MPs (don't need to be land owners), abolition of property qualifications and annual elections. -
The Great Exhibition
A display of British wealth and scientific innovation. Organized by Victoria's husband. It encapsulates the feeling of optimism. -
Irish Republican Brotherhood
These guys mess up Daniel O'Connell's plans for negotiation. They formed Young Ireland and demanded republicanism, but were crushed. Leaders then led a Fenian movment with aggressive military approach that was severely repressed. 5 were hung after killing an English policeman. -
Darwin's Origin of Species
Darwin was at the forefront of innovation. He had new ideas about race and gender although he was not supportive of slavery. creates theory of natural selection to explain evolution. He seems to propogate race hierarchy even though he does not support slavery. Besides, lower classes were having way more babies and so argued that there would be a regression if they were not careful. This led to eugenics. -
Reform Act
Slow widening of electorate: working men in cities added 16% of males. -
John Stewart Mill puts forward bill for women's franchisement
Women's movement starts in 1850's. There was not the same separation of spheres in the working class. However, with more rights, men demand a family wage while women cannot earn the same amount (aren't seen as breadwinners). Women want right to be educated, right to vote and to move out of homes. This bill was not accepted and there was a large lag in action. Idea that femininity being lost in middle classes. -
Benjamin Disraeli
Tory leader. In Victorian era there started to be tensions between Whigs, Torries, HOL and HOC, and those who were in parliament and those who weren't. Torries wanted imperialism, patriotism, monarchy, protectionism, and aristocracy. -
William Gladstone
Took over from Disraeli's first term. He was a Liberal who believed in industry, free trade, self improvement, (some anti-imperialism), nationalism, and middle class representation. Gladstone came to power intending to pacify Ireland and worked throughout his career to make reforms. This may have been his liberal stance, his Christian one, or the fact that they needed Irish votes. His own party split because of his radical concessions. -
Charles Parnell and the Irish Parliamentary Party
Really began to gain ground when Gladstone was elected. He worked with Gladstone's to bring about land reform - see famine, absentee landlords, ability to sell tenancy to highest bidder. In Gladstone's third term he began to consider Home Rule. Parnell realized that to make progress they needed to be politically strong. As a nationalist he advocated for a separatist course within a constitutional framework. -
Reform Act
Secret ballot added -
Reform Act
Working class in rural areas added - ie. farmers -
Fabian Society founded
The beginning of socialism as an elite, middle class movement. The Fabians were non-revolutionary. They wanted taxation for the wealthy. -
Gladstone's first attempted Home Rule Bill
This one was stopped by the HOC. In 1893 it was stopped by the HOL. Only in 1912, when the power of the HOL had been diminished did the Home Rule Bill pass, but didn't come into effect before the war. -
Matchgirl's Strike
The first strike, led by the most disempowered. This illustrates the Trade Union Movement, which had formerly only been for skilled workers. They watned shortened work day, safety, unemployment benefits, sick days. for the matchgirls in particular they wanted less hazardous work and argued against the long hours and punitive measures. It worked! They were given concessions and re-hired. -
First working class man elected
A socialist who advocates teh nationalization of industry. Later the Labor reprsentation comittee turns into the Labor Party and wins 2 seats. -
Period: to
Boer War
Underhanded attempt by Brits to colinze Afrikanse republics to get resources. Many soldiers who went were malnourished and diseased becaue of poverty. Began thinking about help from government (unheard of in Victorian era). -
Period: to
House of Sax-Coburg and Gotha/Windsor
Changed to Windsor in WWI became of anti-German sentiment. Edward VII (son of Victoria) to Queen Elizabeth. -
Period: to
Beginning of Interventionist State
Precipitated by Boer War. Begin to see things like unemployment insurance (Unemployment Workmen's Act 1905), pensions (Pensions Act 1908), and free school lunches. The National Insurance Act of 1911 is a foundation for modern social welfare. The Peopl's Budget of 1909 was brought in by Liberal government and taxed the rich to pay for these benefits. Later helped by WWI, -
Triple Entente Formed
Germany was gaining power since their unification in the 1860's. Wilhelm became emperor and they began to look for their place in the sun (an empire) and also industrialized rapidly. Britain begins doubting their splendid isolationism. Britain aligned with France and Russia to stem German influence. (A militarized Peace). -
Reform Act
The HOC is growing larger and is made up of working and middle class men. As it grows it becomes more powerful than HOL. This act took away the HOL's right to veto - they could only delay. -
Third Home Rule Bill is successful (kind of)
Passes in parliament now that HOL cannot veto but was not implemented before World War I. -
Ulster Volunteers
Irish Protestants are furious about the Home Rule Acts. They wanted to continue relationships with England. Many were part of industrial elite in the North and only gave jobs to Protestants. When animosities rose the Ulster Volunteer Force militarized against the Irish National Volunteers. War breaks out before Civil War can. -
Triple Alliance formed
Germnay, Austro-Hungary, and Italy -
Period: to
First World War
Pitted two coalitions against each other. Unprecedented on several accounts: Both sides expected easy victory but it became a gruelling war of attrition with trenches warfare and no advancement. It was total war with attrition and conscription, and there was new cultural contact because most British colonies participated (significant for de-colonization). Enourmous cost of man power and money for Britain. 15% of national wealth was swept away. Also fundamental changes in home front. -
Franz Ferdinand assasinated
Tensions culminate as he is assasinated by Serb terrorists. You know the drill, blank cheque, mobilization, belgium etc. -
Britain joins the war
Germany invades Belgium to get a direct route to France. Britain responds. They cannot afford to have hostile Germany right across the Channel. -
Lloyd George elected
Secretary for State of War, brought in the People's Budget. He decides Britain needs to re-organize the country like a war front itself. domestic economy reformed to produce munitions (command economy). Tries to appease union workers with better pay. Women begin doing "men's" jobs (probably not actually entering workforce). Canteens established as well as nurseries and special housing. social security legislation also comes in. -
Easter Rising
a group led by the Irish Republican Brotherhood and other nationalist groups plans uprising but it is easily crushed. Sixteen are executed an become martyrs. Lloyd George attempts to negotiate but it is boycotted. -
US joins war
Sinking of the Lusitania brings US in and turns tide in favor of the allies. Due to unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany -
Sinn Fein elected/Dail Eireann created
Sinn Fein, wins elections in Ireland and decide to set up their own government - the Dail Eireann in Dublin. This begins military repression by the British and a sort of guerrilla war. -
Women over 30 given the vote
Also all men above age 21. Women's suffrage gaining ground in WWI. Possibly their contribution to the war recognized. Also have anti-suffrage campaigns. Women begin to speak publically at rallies. In 1928 women given the same voting rights as men. In 1969 the age was lowered to 18. Party that beneffited most from this was the Labour Party (the opposition to Liberals). Liberals in demise since they split under Gladstone. 20th century is a battle between Labour and Conservative. -
Armistice
With assistance of Americans allies break German offfensive and break the Hindenburg line. Germany surrenders. -
Government of Ireland Act
Both sides realize that a unified Ireland is not possible. The British try to militarily defeat the IRA but also create two separate Home Rule governments. Unionists are not happy but accept it. Nationalists reject it. -
Anglo-Irish Treaty
responding to nationalists, this allowed the south to form a self-governing state outside the UK as a dominion. -
Statute of Westminster
Essentially de-colonized many places in the British Empire. Process of equalization in the white commonwealth. They can have their own legislation etc. After WWI they can't sustain their empire anymore. -
Eire
The new name of the Irish free state. Although technically a dominion, after the Statute of Westminister it was fairly easy to sever ties. Eamon de Valera made a constitution that made Eire a republic in all but name. -
Hitler invades Poland
Formerly Hitler had been treated with appeasement and allowed to annex several areas (Czechoslovakia/Sudetenland). Neville Chamberlain and other leaders saw it was reversal of Versailles,which has been extremely harsh and punitive at the insistance of France. They had a committment to defend Poland but by then it was kind of late. -
Period: to
World War II
Had incredible human toll and basically bankrupt Europe leaving the US as the dominant world power. Also created a welfare state. When soldiers returned they wanted social renewal and jobs. The Beveridge Report gave them back a family wage, pushing women out of the workforce. Also began the Cold War between America and the USSR. -
Hitler invades Belgium and France
at the same time Churchhill takes over in an all party coalition and issues the famous call to arms. He declares war at all costs. -
Battle of Britian begins
Especially intense until September. In October the London Blitz begins. By June 1941 they manage to stave off German attacks and Germany turns to USSR. The Battle of Britain and London Blitz became symbols of defiance and resistance in a time when Britain was alone against Germany. -
Germany attacks USSR
After failure of the Battle of Britian and the London Blitz, Hitler turns to attack the USSR and they join the effort radically increasing man power. -
Attack on Pearl Harbour
Brought the US into the war - decided eventual victory for the allies with Germany first policy when Hitler sided with Japan. -
Germany surrenders
After a decisive D-Day attack in June, Germany is invaded by Allies and they link up with the USSR. -
Japan surrenders
Only after 2 atom bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. -
Britain withdraws from India
reversal of the civilizing mission. Resistance by Muslim League and National Congress (Ghandi). Philosophy of swaraj (self rule), satyagraha (non violence) and swaresh (self reliance). Tensions can't be resolved between Muslims and Hindus. Leads to partition and huge massacres. Many Indians imigrate to Britain. -
NATO formed
Symbol of rift - capitalism vs. communism, east vs. west, warsaw vs. nato. Britian aligned with US and there is now an indifference toward European affairs. Everything focused on US and the empire. Ireland begins to separate itself from economy of Britain. -
Ireland Act
Ireland becomes a republic. The act retained many rights in UK for Irish. It essentially made the future of Ireland dependent on protestant unionists and ignores nationalists. British troops are send into keep theh peace and the IRA splits and begins an armed defense of Catholics. The North Ireland Civil Rights Association is created modeled after the American civil rights movement. Ireland become a state of violence. -
East Indian Migration
After partition many Punjabi come and find good skilled labour. After WWII is an economic boom and need more labourers. -
Warsaw Pact
-
Pakistani Migration
Next two decades many come to England but in a time of economic decline. Work is mostly in textile industry and Britain sees unprecedented rates of unemployment. Escalating racial tensions. Major clashes in 2001 with riots made worse by 9/11 bombings. -
Period: to
Thatcherism
Similar to Reagan's policies. Plans to turn around the welfare state because debt is huge, export markets are gone, and rivals are expanding. Britian is losing world trade share and its empire (Falklands). Seeks to limit unions, nationalization, services. Argues for smaller government and individual accountability. Her legacy is debated. Inflation did not increase and 70% of people prospered but created an enormous chasm between rich and poor. -
Good Friday/Belfast Agreement
Antagonisms adressed. Creates a council for cooperation between North and South Ireland. Catholic concerns are adressed in the North. IRA refuses to de-militarize
eventually in 2000's, the IRA de-commissions weapons nd the assembly is restored. -
Scotland ges new parliament
Scotland and Wales also want Home Rule as they watch the Irish. Scotland has more power than Wales. -
Treaty of Edinborough
Scottish independence recognized until 1603 when the crowns unify. Scottish kings are good at unifying lowlands (English) and highlands (Gaelic). Have a more favourable view of English culture than Ireland because of voluntary assimilation.