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Faced with a catastrophic political and financial situation, Louis XVI was forced to convene the Estates General. An assembly of the three orders – clergy, nobility and third estate. -
The French Revolution was the most important political and social change that took place in Europe at the end of the 18th century. It was a violent period in which the Old Regime was overthrown to end up establishing a new regime where the bourgeoisie, sometimes supported by the popular masses, became the dominant political force
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The oath of the Jeu de Paume is the solemn commitment of union taken on June 20, 1789 at the Jeu de Paume room, in Versailles, by 300 deputies of the third estate, with whom certain deputies of the clergy and the nobility join during of the Estates General of 1789. -
The Bastille overtake is the most symbolic event of the revolution. The Bastille represented the power of the king and the absolute monarchy. It was taken by the Parisians. -
The night of August 4, 1789 is a session of the French Constituent Assembly during which the feudal system in France is abolished. -
The declaration of the rights of man and citizen is a text characteristic of the French revolution, where we observe the fundamental rights of individuals. The first article establishes that «all men are born and live equal in rights ». -
Constitution of 1791, the French constitution drawn up by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retains the monarchy, but sovereignty is effectively in the hands of the Legislative Assembly, elected through an indirect voting system.
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It is an important episode of the French Revolution, during which the king of France Louis XVI, his wife Marie-Antoinette, and their immediate family tried to reach the royalist stronghold of Montmédy, from which the king hoped to launch a counter-revolution, and were stopped en route at Varennes-en-Argonne (Meuse, Lorraine). This caused anger and disappointment from the French people. -
The Insurrection of 10 August 1792 was a defining event of the French Revolution, when armed revolutionaries in Paris, increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy, stormed the Tuileries Palace. The conflict led France to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic. -
The Convention meets, declares the Monarchy abolished and proclaims the Republic. Although only ten percent of French people exercise their right to vote, it is the first parliament in history elected by universal male suffrage in a major country. -
We go from a constitutional monarchy to a republic. This period is marked by the death of the king, the Terror and the instability of the government. It ends with the coup d'etat of Bonaparte.
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The Reign of Terror was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety. It ended with the fall of Robespierre
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France no longer has confidence in Louis XVI. He was then again imprisoned and then tried for "conspiracy against public freedom and the general security of the State". On January 21, 1793, he was publicly guillotined on the Place de la Révolution. -
On October 3, the Convention decides to bring her before the Revolutionary Tribunal. On the 15th, after an expeditious trial, she was sentenced to death for the crime of high treason. It is performed on October 16 at a quarter past twelve. -
The National Convention enacted a law abolishing slavery in the French colonies. -
In the Convention an alliance is forged between the Jacobin sector that feels threatened by Robespierre and the deputies of the Plain, usually mute. Robespierre's voice is silenced when he attempts to make a speech, and he and his top aides are arrested. After an unsuccessful attempt to resist at the Town Hall —taken by storm by troops loyal to the Commune— the Incorruptible is guillotined, along with his brother, Saint-Just, Couthon and other members of his entourage. -
Robespierre was executed in the Place de la Revolution, where King Louis XVI had been executed a year earlier. He was executed by guillotine, like the others. -
The french revolutionary government set up the directory by the Constituion of the year III. It included a bicameral legislature known as the "Corps Législatif". This was a government very unstable, for this reason it ended four years later, with the Napoleon's coup.
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Napoleon Bonaparte take the power in France, and became the first consul. For most historians, this was the end of the French Revolution. This bloodless coup d'état overthrew the Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate. -
The Consulate was the toplevel Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 1804. It was composed by three consuls. Also, the consulate had full power, and elections were ended. Napoleon assumed the position of First Consul and obtained near dictatorial powers. The consulate made the French government more efficient and eliminated most traces of class and privilege.
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The promulgation of the civil code or the Napoleonic code was promulgated during the Consulat. Bonaparte, the first consul, was the main investigator of this promulgation. -
The First French Empire, also known as Napoleonic France, was an empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe in the early 19th century
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Napoleon establishes a hereditary monarchy and proclaims himself emperor, having himself crowned by the Pope in Notre Dame Cathedral -
The French invasion of Russia was initiated by Napoleon to force Russia to re-enter the continental blockade of Britain. Napoleon's invasion of Russia is one of the most studied military operations in history and is ranked as one of the deadliest in world history. It is characterized by a huge loss of human life. -
Napoleon was forced to abdicate in April 1814 after his unsuccessful invasion of Russia resulted in a broad European alliance against him. In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Napoleon abdicated the throne and renounced his heirs' claim to any future throne in France. -
Charter of 1814
The Constitutional Charter of 1814 was a constitutional document sanctioned by the King of France, -
The congress of Vienna was an international diplomatic conference. It aims to stop the revolution and to rebuild europe which was deeply upset by the wars led in France. -
On June 18, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte lost a decisive battle in a small Belgian town, called Waterloo. -
The Restoration of Bourbon is a period in French history from the first fall of Napoleon on May 3, 1814 to the July Revolution on July 26, 1830, but was The Hundred Days War was interrupted, during which the Bourbons were returned to the French monarchy. Brother of the executed King Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X,successively ascended the throne, establishing a conservative government aimed at restoring the ceremonies of the old system, if not all institutions.
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Victoria was born at Kensington Palace, London, on 24 May 1819. -
An attack against the insurgents on the island of Chios caused a massacre of 23,000 and the enslavement of 10,000. The massacre received a strong echo in Europe. France, the United Kingdom and Russia decided to intervene militarily in favor of the independence of Greece. -
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution of 1821 or Greek Revolution, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. -
The July Monarchy was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting on 26 July 1830, with the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 23 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848.
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The period called French Algeria or colonial Algeria takes place in Algerian history from 1830 with the taking of Algiers until 1962 with the independence of the country. This period is sometimes also designated, collectively, as that of the French colonization, presence, or occupation of Algeria. -
The French Revolution of 1830, between July 27 and July 29, also known as the July Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French, was a second French Revolution after the First, that of 1789. It led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. During the night of July 27 to 28 the movement became revolutionary: everywhere barricades were put. -
She inherited the throne at age 18, after the death without legitimate issue of his three paternal uncles -
The Victorian era in British history was characterized by a society that was based on class, more and more people with the right to vote, a growing country and economy, and Britain became the most powerful empire in the world. In the Victorian era, Britain was a powerful country with a rich culture. It has a stable government, a growing state, and growing franchises. It also controls a sprawling empire and thrives in part because of its level of industrialization and imperial holdings.
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The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was a war between the United Kingdom and the Chinese Empire between 1839 and 1842, as a consequence of which Hong Kong Island was ceded to the United Kingdom. -
Victoria and Alberto (her cousin) were married on February 10, 1840 in the Royal Chapel of St. James's Palace (London). -
The French Revolution of 1848, also known as the February Revolution, was a revolution in France that ended the July Monarchy and established the French Second Republic. It sparked a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe (the people's spring). -
The French Second republic fue el regimen político republicano established in France during the period understood between the 25th of February of 1848 and the 2nd of December of 1852. The Second Republic favors, through universal suffrage, the politicization of the population. From the start of the regime, the end of censorship allowed for an easier circulation of ideas, particularly within working-class circles.
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The Second Empire was the 18-year Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third Republic of France. Historians in the 1930s and 1940s often disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism. In its early years, the empire was authoritarian but enjoyed economic growth and pursued a favorable foreign policy.
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Louis Napoleon , in addition to being the president of France, was also the second Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew of Napoleon I, he was the last monarch to rule over France. -
The Second Opium War, was a war pitting the British Empire and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted from 1856 to 1860. -
France lost, in a campaign to Mexico in Puebla. -
The Franco-Prussian War was a military conflict that was fought between July 19, 1870 and May 10, 1871 between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with the support of the North German Confederation and the allied kingdoms. from Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg. -
The French Third Republic was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War.
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At the end of the XIX century, Africa had been colonized by most of the powerful european countries. Such as France or the Great Britain.
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At the Berlin Conference, held between 1884 and 1885, the main European powers, who were eager to expand their African colonies, agreed on a division to prevent a colonial dispute from leading to a large-scale conflict on the European continent as well. -
The Fachoda crisis , also known as the Fachoda incident, was an international incident and the climax of imperialist territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa, occurring in 1898. This event will allie these two countries. -
She died at Osborne Castle, East Cowes, UK -
Fordism
Fordism is a chain production system implemented by Henry Ford. After the manufacture of the first model (the Ford T), which was a great sales success by the Ford Company, the American businessman decided to implement this system in all his factories. -
Taylorism – named after its inventor, the American engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor – designates the form of scientific organization of work defined by him and his disciples. It is a method of organizing industrial work, the main characteristics of which are the horizontal and vertical division of labor as well as pay by performance. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb.