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One of the earliest Diest works by John Toland.
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The emergence of the Print Culture helped to spread literacy and ideas from the Philosophes
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It was thought by the universities that Isam too often embodies religious fanaticism.
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Ideas were spread not only by printed works, but also thru word of mouth
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Argued in "Of Miracles" that no empirical evidence supported the belief in divine miracles central to much of Christianity.
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Montesquie's book which exhibits the internal tension of the Enlightenment.
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Translated Newton's Principia Mathematica into French and provided annotations which assisted in spreading the influence
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Under leadership of Denis Diderot & Jean Le Rond d'Alenbert eventually had 17 volumes.
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Born a German princess and became Russia's Empress. Befriended nobles and read books of the philosophes. very shrewd. Murdered her husband.
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published by Beccaria, applying critical analysis for punishment being both effective and just.
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Embodies rational, impersonal force. Brother of Marie Antoinette. One of the three great Enlightenment monarchs
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Smith argued that the regulations hindered expansion of wealth, production and economic growth.
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After helping America, France's debt was larger. Necker produced a report to downplay France's financial difficulties
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Passed by France's National Constituent Assembly, it is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights
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The Estates General ended a standoff and invited clergy and nobles to join them to create a new legistative body.
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Symbol of abuses by the monarchy; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution.
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Worsening grain shortage begat rural unrest, fueled by rumors of an aristocrats' to starve or burn out the both peasants, and townspeople mobilized in many regions. Fearful peasants armed themselves in self-defense and attacked manor houses. Rumors differed in differing areas-in some, it was believed a foreign force was burning crops in fields, while in others it was believed robbers were burning buildings. Fear of peasant revolt was a determining factor in the decision to abolish feudalism.
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One day after being convicted of conspiracy with foreign powers and sentenced to death by the French National Convention, King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine in the Place de la Revolution in Paris
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Purge France of enemies of the Revolution and protect the country from foreign invaders.
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At a time of economic turmoil in France, she lived extravagantly and encouraged her husband to resist reform of the monarchy. In one episode, she allegedly responded to news that the French peasantry had no bread to eat by callously replying, “Let them eat cake.” Condemed for treason
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A five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety, until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (8–9 November 1799) and replaced by the French Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution.
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The Directory was replaced with a three-member Consulate, and Napoleon became first consul, making him France’s leading political figure
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After uncovering an assassination plot, Napoleon makes himself emperor arguing the regime would be more secure and additional assassination attempts would be useless,
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Napoleon builta large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history
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The reconstruction of Europe at the Congress of Vienna is probably the most seminal episode in modern history. Not only did the congress redraw the map entirely. It determined which nations were to have a political existence over the next hundred years and which were no
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Kagan, D., Turner, F. M., Ozment, S. E., & Frank, A. (2012). The western heritage: Combined volume. Pearson. Wikipedia. (2017, June 01). Retrieved June 03, 2017, from https://www.wikipedia.org/
