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TYPES OF PRODUCTION (according to different groups):
-the barter system -the value of objects defined according to one's needs- (trading system and notion of ownership)
-Trade network between families, groups, and various tribes (maps, potlash) -
-means of transportation: canoes and snowshoes
-economic roles of individuals:
-men were hunters
-women were farmers or gatherers
-elderly watched after the children
EUROPEAN FISHING GROUNDS:
-present before the French Regime
-consequences of first contacts between aboriginals and French fishers -- sometimes peaceful, sometimes not
-FISH, FUR, TIMBER WERE THE MAIN ECONOMIC ELEMENTS.
(French have all the fish and furs) -
-
-very dense population that required the Natives alliance to do the hunting.
-exploration and enlargement of territory to search for more and more furs. New France was constantly expanding.
-Trading posts were established. Foundation of the towns of Quebec and Three Rivers. -
-chartered company system based on privileges (they were the only ones with the right of fur trade) and obligations (they were to supposed to administer and develop the country.)
-The chartered companies ignored the development of the colony. The population was small, and mostly male. -
-Mercantilism is a way of financial organization. European countries thought it was essential to posses as much gold as possible. The mother country takes in the raw resources from its colpny and sends back finished products. (it made more money for the king.)
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NEW FRANCE:
-Started small but grew in size, small in population, sole purpose was to export natural resources (furs) back to France.
13 COLONIES:
-remained relatively the same size, much larger population, focused on diverses farming as well as fur trade. DID NOT PRACTICE MERCANTILISM. -
-subsistence agriculture: planting just enough to provide for the family.
-attempts to diversify the economy with the triangular trade (between NF, France, and Africa) would fail. Theere was too mich demand for the fur tarde and not enough people with different skills to diversify. (population not big enough in New France.) -
-Creation of the North-West Company (1783) after the American Revolution and merge with the Hudson's Bay Company in 1821.
-Decline in the fur trade by the beginning of the 19th century. -
-blockade by Napoloen (1806) and the rise in the demand for timber
-creatoin of the Band of Montreal (1817) to allow people to invest and obtain credit/loans.
--creation of new jobs (lumberjack, loggers, sawmills)
-improvement and developpment of transportation: canals, railroads, steamships -
-Great Britain ends its protectionist treatment with Canada in order to explore new markets. Establishment of Free Trade
-Canada signs a Reciprocity treaty with the United States of America that lasts 10 years. (no customs or duties between the two countries) -
Timber industry causes the development of these regions:
-Mauricie
-Outaouais
-Laurentides
(These were farms and rural areas) -
-Increase custom duties: protect/promote Canadian Industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods.
-Build Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was meant to run coast to coast, unify people, increase trade.
-Encourage Immigration: Especially in Western Canada, bigger population = bigger market. -
(from 1885-1900)
-skilled craftsmen were using expensive/ time consuming methods (factories, first assembly lines that were more efficient, better for the economy but very dangerous. (powered by coal and/or steam.)
-Quebec slowed farming fish, fur/wheat.
-specialized in dairy-cheese- textiles, and wood. (in Montreal)
-they all created finished products (as oppsed to raw materials-no mercantilism-.) -
national Policy favoured immigration
-going to develop taxes on things coming from the States
-wanted to build a railway across Canada.
Canadian population went up by 30-49%
farms were still overcrowded
There were better jobs in the USA, Ontario, and Western Canada; lots of emigration -
-1st phase of industrialization: 1800-1915
-2nd phase of industrialization: 1900-1915
-war period (helped get Canada out of the Great Depression): 1939-1945
-post-war period (Canada had opened its doors, and was accepting immigrants): 1945-1970 -
-exploitation of resources by sector and by period (agriculture, forest, mining, hydroelectricity)
The natural resources that are exploited are ore, pulp & paper, etc...
-Source of capital in different economic sectors
Birth of Crown corporations (company or business owned by the government) E.g: Canada Post -
-development in the cities: concentration of services (transportation, hospitals, education, etc...), infrastructure (aqueducts, sewers).
-developments of suburbs
-rural exodus -
-regional development linked to the development of different industries and the exploitation of resources
-Abitibi
-Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean
-Mauricie
-Côte-Nord
-Gaspésie
-and others -
PHASES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
-1st and 2nd phase of industrialization
-1st World War
-Roaring twenties
-The Great Depression
-2nd World War and and the Post-war period
-quiet revolution
-positive effects of globalisation
PHASES OF RECESSION:
-economic crises of 1873-1879, 1929, the 30's (Great Depression)
-oil crises of 1973
-recession since the years 1980 and 1990
-negative effects of globalisation -
CAUSE: Stock market crash of 1929
-people were buying shares in companies on borrowed money (margin) when depts were called in the stocks plummeted.
-the boom from the twenties, result of the first world war, came to a abrupt stop.
-most economic sectors were hit hard
-massive lay offs
-families bought as little as possible
-1930's are characterzied by the Great Depresson -
-public works projects to boost the economy
-work camps
-direct aid
-encouraged farming
-the start of WWII in 1939 led to a huge economic boost and the depression ended (because of dual income and immigration) -
-Maurice Duplessis was the premier of Quebec from 1936-1939 and 1944-1959 . (Conservative party)
-He had "traditional" values (didn't want any advances in technology and gave the Church a lot of power, favoured famers) -
-disengagement of the State, and many government companies were privatised (during the oil crisis in the 1970's and 1980's.)
-Canada entered into trade agreements with the USA (Free Trade agreement of 1988) and Mexico (NAFTA- North American Free Trade- signed in 1993. This shows the ever increasing effects of globalisation.
