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Isabella financed Columbus’s voyage, leading the Spanish conquest of the Americans
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the battle of Lepanto, when Spain and its Italian allies soundly defeated an Ottoman fleet in the Mediterranean
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the Northern, largely Protestant provinces declared independence and became known as the Dutch Netherlands
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The Armada sailed with more than 130 ships, 20,000 men, and 2,400 pieces of artillery
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A Bourbon prince and Huguenot leader, inherited the French throne as Henry IV
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Louis XIII appointed Cardinal Armand Richelieu as chief minister
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Charles dissolved Parliament
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The Civil war started
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The Dutch Netherlands gained official recognition
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The Civil War ended
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France signed the Treaty of Utrecht
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Louis dies, his grandson Louis XV takes the throne
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the great powers of Europe included Austria, Prussia, France, Franc, England, and Russia
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the independent kingdom of Poland had vanished from the map
