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Ivan managed countless changes in the progression from a medieval nation state to an empire and emerging regional power, and became the first ruler to be crowned as Tsar of All Russia.
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Under Phillips rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents
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was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots, during the French Wars of Religion.
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One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. He was assassinated by a Catholic, François Ravaillac.
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The Edict of Nantes, issued on April 13, 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic.
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This happened under the rule of King Charles II.
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He laid much of the groundwork that would eventually lead to the beheading of his heir Charles I during the English Civil War, but because of his political skills, his rule was relatively stable.
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Louis is remembered for the establishment of the Académie française and participation in the Thirty Years War against the House of Habsburg.
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The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part.
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The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister." As a result, he is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term.
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Charles tried to make a religious reform upon Scotland which led to the bishop wars, and that gave the parlaments more power
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It was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.
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Louis began personally governing France in 1661 after the death of his prime minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin. An adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin and lack of temporal restraint of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital.
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The treaties ended the Thirty Years War in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years War between Spain and the Dutch Republic.
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After he killed king Charles I, he became the ruler of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
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Louis XIV assumes full control of France after the death of prime minister Mazarin
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He carried out a policy of modernization and expansion that transformed Russia into a 3-billion acre Russian Empire, and a major European power.
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Was the center of polical power in france until the royal family was forced to return to the capital.
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The goal was to was the overthrow of King James II of England.
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These ideas about rights reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England.
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Fought among several European powers, principally the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy against the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France and the Electorate of Bavaria over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch.
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Frederick's goal was to modernize and unite his vulnerably disconnected lands; toward this end, he fought wars mainly against Austria, whose Habsburg dynasty reigned as Holy Roman Emperors almost continuously from the 15th century until 1806.
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Prussia proceeded to invade the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia, sparking a nine-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession. Which she lost the battle to them.
