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Period: Jan 1, 1301 to
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state and one of the longest lasting empires on history. It conquered and replaced the Byzantine Empire as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean.
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Period: Jan 1, 1340 to
Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire was a major trading state of West Africa and became the largest and most powerful kingdom in medieval West Africa. The capital, Gao, became an important settlement and commercial center. The Songhai Empire was rich in both gold and salt and because of this, soon fell to invasions.
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Period: Jan 1, 1384 to Jan 1, 1460
Prince Henry the Navigator
Henry revolutionized the way that people sailed along the Atlantic. His staff studied and improved navigational instruments, which included the magnetic compass and the astrolabe. He sent ships on sailing expeditions and created maps of the West African coast that helped spread Christianity and establish new trade routes.
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Jan 1, 1441
Beginning of Portuguese Slave Trade
Prince Henry established the first slave trade market in 1445. As the populations of the native people of America began to decline, the Portuguese saw that they needed a new means of growing their sugar with no workers. So they put African slaves to work in the sugar plantations. -
Period: Jan 1, 1451 to Jan 1, 1481
Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror
During Mehmed II’s reign he led a siege of Constantinople that eventually led to fall of the Byzantine Empire. This siege of Constantinople led to the Ottoman Becoming the most powerful kingdom at the time.
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Period: Jan 1, 1462 to Jan 1, 1492
Reign of Sunni Ali
Sunni Ali Ber was an important military leader and one of the greatest rulers of the Songhai Empire. He is responsible for the conquering of cities such as Timbuktu and Mema. He constantly worked to spread his empire and was able to take control of the Trans-Saharan trade routes.
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Period: Jan 1, 1483 to Jan 1, 1546
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a Catholic monk and saw the Church’s abuse of their power and sought to make people see the Church’s errors. Martin Luther became the first to challenge the Church over their abuse of their power and began the Protestant Reformation.
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Jan 1, 1488
Dias' First Voyage into the Indian Ocean
Bartolomeu Dias was the first Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa and enter the Indian Ocean. His voyage paved the way for explorer Vasco da Gama to expand the route and finally reach India, which allowed the Europeans to establish a direct trade route with India. -
Period: Jan 1, 1492 to
Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange refers to the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New World and the Old World. The Columbian Exchange impacted the social and cultural aspects on both sides of the Atlantic. Some effects of the Columbian Exchange included advancements in agricultural production, new developments of warfare, and increased mortality rates of both European and the native peoples.
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Aug 1, 1492
Columbus' First Voyage
In August 1492, Columbus set sail in an effort to find a westward route to the Indies. He soon reached the islands of the Caribbean, in which he falsely believed were the islands of the East Indies. Columbus’ first voyage established a connection between the Eastern world and the New World. -
Period: Jan 1, 1502 to Jan 1, 1520
Moctezuma II
Moctezuma II was the Aztec emperor when Cortes and his fleet arrived in Tenochtitlan. He was then taken hostage by Cortes and stole the gold from the Aztec palace. During a war between the Spaniard and the Aztecs, Moctezuma died and shortly after came the fall of the Aztec Empire.
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Period: Jan 1, 1502 to
Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire was based in what is present day Iran. The Safavid Empire grew to such power that they challenged the power of both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. The Safavid Empire adopted Shi’a Islam as the official state religion, which is still the dominant religion in Iran today.
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Period: Jan 1, 1509 to Jan 1, 1564
John Calvin
John Calvin became an influential Protestant Leader. Calvin’s ideas differed from both the Catholics and the Lutherans and because of this Calvin was able to bring to light a new church, the Calvinists. Though Calvin agrees with Martin Luther’s emphasis on faith over works, Calvin argued that human faith alone could not bring salvation. Calvin also worked to curtail the religious hierarchy and simplifying religious rituals.
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Period: Jan 1, 1519 to Jan 1, 1521
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
The conquest of Mexico was led by Hernan Cortes. After the death Moctezuma, the Aztec Empire fell and Spain began its colonization of the land. The Aztecs were either enslaved or killed. This was the beginning of the establishment of New Spain in Mexico.
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Period: Jan 1, 1520 to Jan 1, 1566
Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleyman the Magnificent commanded the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe. Suleyman’s reign is seen as an age when the Ottoman Empire’s imperial system worked to perfection.
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Period: Jan 1, 1526 to
Mughal Empire
the Mughal Empire was established in India, which is a mainly Hindu state. The Mughals had a Muslim ruler which caused some tension between the government and its people. The Mughal Empire reached its height in the 17th and 18th century. Under the Mughal Empire, India was unified under one rule, Art and architechtue flourished during this time. For example, the Taj Mahal.
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Period: Jan 1, 1545 to Jan 1, 1563
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent met in three sessions in an effort to distinguish proper Catholic doctrines from the heresies of the Protestant beliefs. The meetings of the council played a key role in the reformation of the Catholic Church. These new reforms in the Catholic Church worked to abolish various abuses of the Church and strengthen the Papacy.
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Period: Jan 1, 1556 to
Reign of Akbar
Akbar is one of the greatest rulers of the Mughal Empire. He realized that the Mughal Empire was a very diverse kingdom and worked to unify the diverse empire by promoting religious tolerance. During his reign, he also worked to abolish slavery and develop trade. His reign became a model for other Mughal rulers.
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Period: Jan 1, 1564 to
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galileo was an astronomer during the Copernicus era who built a telescope, with which he was able to discover that there was other objects besides the moon and the sun in the sky and that they were not smooth and perfect, but with jagged ridges like earth. His ideas created a means for the people to challenge the ideas of the Church that conflicted with the new findings of science.
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Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
The Japanese leaders in an effort to establish a more centralized government, began a military government ruled by the Tokugawa Shogunate. The Shoguns were able to promote trade along their road between their capital, Edo, and their imperial capital, Kyoto. This promoted the development of the Japanese economy and the formation of other major trading centers. There is also better political unity at this time.
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Period: to
Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years war was the worst of the international conflicts that plagued European countries. The War caused long-lasting depopulation and economic devastation throughout the Holy Roman Empire. Though along with this chaos came major improvement in the skill of European armies and their weaponry. This caused the Europeans to become one of the most powerful armies in the world.
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Period: to
John Locke
John Locke was an English political philosopher that disputed the monarch’s claims to absolute authority by divine right. He believed that governments had a duty to protect the life, liberty, and property of its people. Locke’s theory began the idea that individual rights were the foundation of civil government.
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Period: to
Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty was the last of the imperial dynasties of China. During the Qing rule, the empire was able to grow to enormous proportions. The Qing was able to gain control of
Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet at various points of their reign. The Qing Dynasty was also well known for its attempts to both kept the traditional Chinese view but to also modernize the kingdom.
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Period: to
Manchus Empire
The Manchus were the ruling family that overthrew the Qing Empire and took control. Though the Manchus were noe ruling the empire, they adopted the Chinese traditions and policies.
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Period: to
Peter the Great
Peter the Great was instrumental in the reduction of Russia’s isolation and the increase to the empire’s size. Peter is remembered for declining the Asian influences to the South for the West, which he deemed to be more civilized. Peter’s westernization of the Russian state was an effort to further strengthen the Russian Empire.
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England's Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless revolution of England, where King James II was overthrown and replaced by King William III and Queen Mary II, who pledged to defend the people’s rights. The Glorious Revolution checked the power of the monarchy, established a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, and as a result, enacted the English Bill of Rights. -
Period: to
Russian Empire
In 1721, the Russian provinces were able to break away from Mongol forces. By 1750, Russia was able to become a major power in the world. Thr Russian army became so powerful that it was able to pose a threat to other major powers such as European and Asian countries.
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