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n 1533 Ivan the Terrible was made Grand Prince of Moscow, and was made “Tsar of all the Russias” in 1547. He enacted a lot of policies that would go to make him an absolute monarch, and expanded Russian territory significantly. As Tsar, he executed thousands of citizens, and even killed his own son.
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A revolution in scientific thought that emphasized scientific experimentation and empirical reasoning, and had an emerging focus and new thought on subjects like astronomy, chemistry, biology, and physics.
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Henry IV, also known as Henry the Great was king starting in 1572, who converted to Catholicism after being crowned king. He was the one to issue the Edict of Nantes, and he sought to foster religious tolerance.
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The English Civil War in 1642 was a war between Parliamentarians and Royalists over their opposing systems of governance. It was also influenced by the greater religious war between Catholics and Protestants. It resulted in the execution of King Charles I
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Louis XIV of France(1643) was one of France most beloved and impactful Kings, and he ruled for 72 years, the longest period any European monarch has ever ruled. He established an absolute monarchy and ruled in a much more absolute and ruthless way than previous kings, and built his massive palace at Versailles.
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Oliver Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector, or head of state, starting in 1653. He was known for his actions to establish a republic in England, and for leading the commonwealth.
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In 1660, the English Monarchy was restored when King Charles II returned to power, he restored the bishops to power in parliament, and brought back the strict anglican orthodoxy. This followed a long period of commonwealth rule.
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1665 was one of the last significant plague epidemics, and it occured in London. Throughout history there have been more cases, but usually smaller and isolated cases.
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The Edict of Nantes had given Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state, and the revocation of it in 1685 rejected all of that, and prevented Huguenots from practicing their religion in any way in France.
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The glorious revolution was a revolution in 1688 that resulted in the overthrow of King James II of England and the accession of his daughter and her husband.
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A conflict in 1701 that resulted from the disputed succession of the Spanish throne after the death of Charles II, the last Hapsburg, who had no children.
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During the 18th century, there was a long period of scientific and philosophical revolutionary thought, where rationality and empirical reasoning was given a much higher emphasis in culture, as well as a change and increase in art styles and meaning.
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Peter the Great ruled Russia as its emperor starting in 1721, and was known as one of the countries best reformers and organizers. He sought to establish Russia as a great nation that could rival the empires in Europe, and changed a lot about Russian government structure to do so.
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Catherine the Great was a russian empress who led russia to be more involved with European culture and politics, which was in a way extending the work done by Peter the Great. She expanded russian territory significantly, and reorganized russian law.
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Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian war, also known as the Seven Years War, and the treaty said that France had to give up all its territories in mainland North America.
