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Was one of the most controversial works written during this time published by Marsiglio of Pauda and was ended up excommunicated.
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Major battle in THe Hundred Year War where the English completly dominated the French by the use of longbows and cannons
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The Black Death was an epidemic which spread across almost all of Europe, the plague killed over a third of the entire population.
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French taxations for the Hundred Years War fell hearvily on the poor and the built up frustations of the French peasants caused a massive uprising
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Period in which the social and economic conditions caused a mass increase in peasant uprisings.
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Joan of Arc was vital to this victory because of her strong belief in her mission and she was wounded during this time which greatly enhance the morale of the troops
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Joan Of Arc was captured by British allies and was charged sorcery and politicall reasons.
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The man who did so many things to change the world we live in today. Hes ideas are still used today and hes mind was in a league of his own.
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The invention of movable type brought major changes and transformed the public and private life of Europeans. Was use for by governments for many purposes including propaganda,declaration of war,communication,treaties.
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he marriage dint bring administrative unity rather it brougt a union of the two houses but political differences between the two house still stand.
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One of the prominant figures of the High Renaissance known for his scultures and work of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
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The man who sparked the reformation itself by a simple act of defiance and his beliefs agaisnt the corruption of selling indulgences
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Italy became a the focus of international ambitions and battleground of foreign invaders. Frances army took the major city states with ease.
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The Northern Renaissance was open to many types of religion,cultures,traditions and ideas and spawned a couple of important humanists such as Thomas More and Eramus. Like any other place in Europe at this time the North was home to many great artists.
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Leonardo de Vinci painted the Mona Lisa
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Tored down the old Saint Peters Basilica to work on the current structure and became one of the architectural masterpeices of the High Renaissance
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Mostly focused on King Henry VII and how he reformed England. Started when King Henry wanted a divorced but Pope Clement dint grant him permission therefore he used the parliament to reform England and grant him power of head of the church which allowed him to remarry.
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Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book on how he thought you needed to be a good leader, most of them talked about being cunning and sneaky.
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Book published by Niccolo Machiavelli in which the topic of was political power:how the ruler should gain,maintain,and increase it.
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Written by Thomas More and presents a revolutionary view of society
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A list a of reasons and statements agaisnt the selling of indulgences and his beliefs which he hammered into the Church doors.
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Group that believed that only adults can make a free choice about religious faith,baptism and entry into the Christian community and was led by Zwingli
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This book focused on educational and ideals of a proper man. Castiglione states that an educated man of the upper class had to be physically,spiritually and intellectually fit with a broad background of many educational subjects
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This book focused on educational and ideals of a proper man. Castiglione states that an educated man of the upper class had to be physically,spiritually and intellectually fit with a broad background of many educational subjects.
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Henry the 8th made a new version of christianity that was similar to catholicism, except they could divorce. He then diorced his wife to marry another and made himself the leader of the church of England.
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The most significant form of Protestantism led by John Calvin and the conerstone of Calvinism is the belief in absolute supremecy,the power of God and the weakness of humanity.
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Queen Elizabeth was the first female to rule England without a king and proved to the world that women are just as strong and smart as men.
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Samuel traveled to North America which is now Canada, unfortunately he killed everyone that lived there. Soon after his second visit he built a castle in what is now Quebec.
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Newcomen Engine (about 1712) filled a cylinder with steam and then condensed it to draw the piston down. 1/2% efficient, but widely used to pump water out of coal mines.
Watt Engine (1774) had had a separate condenser, making the engine much more efficient
James Watt later added:
sun and planet gear converted reciprocating into rotary motion to power machines
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by 1720 most iron in England was imported due to a shortage of charcoal for smelting
in 1709 Abraham Darby invented a way of smelting iron using coke (processed coal) instead of charcoal
the iron industry took off after 1760 since iron ore and coal were both very plentiful in England
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the first big industry was cotton textile factories, though other kinds of factories developed as well
machines had been used some by workers who did piece work at home with spinning wheels and hand looms. What brought the workers together into a factory was the invention of machines for spinning that could spin more than one thread at a time and then the application of water power first to spinning and then to weaving
James Hargreaves, Spinning Jenny , invented 1764-1770 -
improved roads built in large numbers 1750-1815 (about 1000 miles), reduced transportation costs 20-30%
Canals
The Duke of Bridgewater's Canal started in 1759--7 miles but had to cross a river valley. People thought this was a wild dream, but built in 5 years. Very profitable--halved the cost of coal in Manchester
canal building boom 1750-1800--by 1830 England had 3875 miles of navigable water (though only 1/3 of that was canals). The Oxford canal paid a 30% return for 30 years.
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Many people in Paris and the rest of France were hungry, unemployed and restless. In October, a large crowd of protesters, mostly women, marched from Paris to the Palace of Versailles, convinced that the royal family and nobility there lived in luxury, oblivious to the hardships of the French people. They broke into the quarters of Queen Marie Antoinette who as an Austrian was particularly despised. The crowd demanded bread and wanted to bring the King and his family back to Paris to “live among
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The Estates General were reluctantly summoned by King Louis XVI in May of 1789 with an aim to solve the monarchy’s financial crisis. There were three classes represented by the Estates General: the nobles, clergy and the rest of the population or the so-called Third Estate. Each estate had only one vote. As a result, the nobility and clergy could always overrule the Third Estate. Fearing they would be forced to bear the burden of the financial crisis
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On July 14, 1789, an angry crowd marched on the Bastille, a medieval fortress in east Paris that was mostly housing political prisoners. To many people in France, it was considered as a symbol of the much hated Louis’ regime. Angry, unemployed and hungry Parisians saw it as a place to vent their frustrations. The commander of the Bastille, Marquis de Launay and his troops resisted for a few hours before they surrendered to the mob. After learning about the fall of the Bastille, King Louis XVI wi
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The National Assembly continued working on a new constitution for France. After much debate, members of the Assembly decided to impose limits to the King’s authority. The King would have veto power but the National Assembly could overrule his veto. These restrictions appalled Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. They also felt like prisoners in their Tuileries Palace in Paris. They decided to leave France and seek refuge in Austria, hoping to eventually be reinstated on the throne as absolute monarch
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In spring and summer of 1792, the French government found itself in a very difficult situation. The Austrian army and its Prussian allies started advancing into the French territory. Economic stagnation continued throughout the country. The King was widely viewed as a traitor for trying to flee the country. The Legislative Assembly was divided and Paris was getting increasingly radicalized. On August 10, a crowd of about 20,000 people attacked the Tuileries Palace. The King and Queen had escaped
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The long awaited constitution finally came into effect on September 30, 1791. France was proclaimed a constitutional monarchy, while the National Assembly was dissolved and replaced by a new political body named the Legislative Assembly. No member of the National Assembly was elected to the new legislative body as it was agreed earlier that the members of the National Assembly would not be allowed to hold a seat in the new parliament. The result was the loss of everyone with valuable political e
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Following the arrests of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, the Legislative Assembly disbanded and replaced itself with a new political body named the National Convention. The first act of the latter was to declare France as a republic on September 21, 1792. Meanwhile, the French military had halted the foreign invasion and pushed back the Austrians and Prussians. Louis was charged with treason. The vote at the end of the trial was unanimous: Louis was guilty. The vote on the death penalty was much
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The new National Convention was dominated by the Committee of Public Safety. One man in particular, Maximilien Robespierre came to dominate the Committee and established himself as the leader of the so-called Reign of Terror. Robespierre wanted to rid France of all enemies of the Revolution and to protect the “virtue” of the nation. From September 1793 to July 1794, an estimated 16,000 people were guillotined. Many radicals were executed along with moderates. Most leaders of the French Revolutio
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After the dramatic fall of Robespierre, the National Convention created a new constitution for France that was implemented in 1795. Leading the new government was the Directory consisting of an executive council of five members. Almost from the start, the Directory became mired in corruption, political conflict, financial problems and depended on the army to remain in power. In 1799, a successful military commander named Napoleon Bonaparte returned from a military expedition in Egypt and ousted
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French government from 1799 to 1804, set up by Napoleon and Sieyes after their overthrow of the Directory. Napoleon was First Consul. Set up as an oligarchy, Napoleon ended up becoming the sole dictator of the regime. In 1804, he replaced the consulate with the Empire.
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The system of laws, especially the civil code, which Napoleon announced in 1804. This code remains a basis of European continental law to this day, but differs somewhat from the Anglo-American "Common Law" tradition at the root of the U.S. legal system. (The Napoleonic Code did have some influence, however, in forming the legal system of the state of Louisiana, however, which was settled by the French.
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1805 Coalition of the anti-Napoleonic powers. When Alexander I signed the Treaty of Tilsit and sided with Napoleon, this coalition came to a halt.
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Early in 1806, Napoleon dissolved the old Holy Roman Empire to which the German states had belonged, and created in its place the Confederation of the Rhine, the name for Napoleon-dominated Germany.
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The Continental System refers to Napoleon's attempt, beginning in 1806 with the Berlin Decree, to strangle Britain's economy by closing off all European ports. This would prevent the British from exporting their manufactured goods to Europe. The Continental System was largely a failure. It created discontent throughout Europe, and, as Napoleon tried to enforce it in Spain, he touched off the Peninsular War.
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An island off the west coast of Italy. Napoleon was exiled to Elba from 1814 until his escape in 1815.
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A British colony in the South Atlantic. Napoleon was exiled there from 1815 to his death in 1821.
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Name Napoleon gave to the Polish state he created in 1807, and which lasted until 1815. Though technically independent, it was in reality under Napoleon's control. Czar Alexander I of Russia was seriously upset by the recreation of the Polish state, since he wanted the territory badly.
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locomotives tried in coal mines first, but were generally too heavy for existing tracks used by horse-drawn cars
1825 Stockton and Darlington Railroad was first common carrier to use locomotives
in 1829 the Liverpool and Manchester had a contest to test locomotives. Thousands of people came to watch. Won by the Rocket designed by Robert Stephenson. -
The allies' meeting on how to keep peace in the region and keep France in check.
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with Britain, First Opium War (1839-1841) Britain occupied several coastal cities and forced China to surrender; Second Opium War (1856-1860) China forced to open six more ports to British and French trade indefinitely, China forced to accept trade and investment on unfavorable terms for the foreseeable future
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he French had controlled Algeria in North Africa; the attack on French shipping by Barbary pirates was used as a pretext for conquest; Algeria remained under French control until the early 1960s
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An alliance with Austria, Prussia and Russia that became a symbol of repression of liberal and revolutionary movements around Europe.
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Established a committee of spies and others to search for and punish liberal or radical organizations; required German member states to take out subversive ideas in universities and newspapers.
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the belief of liberty and equality.
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having pride in your country.
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A belief in economic planning, no capitalism, the government is in charge of organizing the economy; a belief in closing the gap of the rich and poor economically.
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the court, the aristocracy, lawyers and churchmen.
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a belief in being spontaneous, emotional and having unlimited imagination. Early believers called themselves "Sturm und Drang" ("Storm and Stress").
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Revisied in 1815 to prohibit importation of foreign grain with the exception being if the price of grain rose in the hometown to a high price.
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gave Hong Kong to Britain (until 1997), four "treaty ports" were opened to British trade including Canton and Shanghai, British residents in China (and European visitors) were granted extraterritoriality and were thus immune from Chinese law
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a follower of radical philosopher Jeremy Bentham
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The belief that people contract diseases when they breathe the bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement.
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the discovery that certain diseases were caused by specific living organisms and that those organisms could be controlled in people as well as in beer, wine and milk.
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the application of heat to destroy human pathogens in foods.
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the idea that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would "destroy the life of the floating particles."
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highly skilled workers who made up about 15% of the working class.
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unconcious emotional needs whose nature and origins are kept from conscious awareness by various mental devices called
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branch of physics developed by Newton that investigated the relationships between heat and mechanical energy.
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the study of compounds of carbon.```
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The Russians protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, while the French protects Roman Catholics. The Ottoman sultan gives special Catholic places to the French, which angers the Russians. The Russians move into Ottoman provinces, which prompts the OE to declare war on them. France and Britain (who had interests in the area) fight against Russia in a completely disastrous war.
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Russia surrenders the area near the Danube river, the Black sea becomes neutral, and Russia renounces its protection of Orthodox Christians in the OE. The Concert of Europe is shattered.
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Secret Italian republican society
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Romantic Italian nationalist involved in the Roman Republic of 1849
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An Italian statesman who fought for the unification of Italy by the use of arms. He rejected the republican, romantic ideas of Mazzini/Garibaldi and was a monarchist. He unites northern Italy.
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Cavour convinces Napoleon III to help liberate Italy, which would be a deafet for Austria
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Together France and Piedmont defeat Austria, but Napoleon quickly signs a peace treaty with Austria. Piedmont receives Lombardy and nationalist uprisings break out in other Italian provinces, but Austria retains Venetia.
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Romantic nationalist Italian republican who unites Southern Italy
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Cavour died shortly after Italy's unification, which left it scrambling for leadership. The south and the north were largely incompatible and the government quickly became corrupt. The French continued to guard Rome and the Pope.
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The Palais des Tuileries was a French palace next to the Louvre, which French Royalty and Napoleon often inhabited. The palace burned down in 1871.
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colony of Belgium; trading stations established in 1879, and Leopold II was given control of the Congo; the Belgian rulers savagely treated the indigenous peoples in their quest for rubber and ivory; Leopold's incursion into Congo basin raised the question of the political fate of black Africa (south of the Sahara); as did Britain's conquest of Egypt
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Began in 1880s in Africa, earlier in Asia; in 1800 Europeans controlled about 7% of the world's territory--by 1914 they controlled 84%; Britain's control of Egypt in the 1880s became the model for the "New Imperialism;" Major causes include: search for new markets and raw materials, missionary work, and new military and naval bases to protect one's interests against other European powers
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in 1880, Europeans controlled 10% of Africa; by 1914, controlled all except Liberia & Ethiopia; the Berlin Conference established the rules among European powers for carving up Africa
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established the "rules" for conquest of Africa; provisions: no imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled that territory; slavery and the slave trade in Africa was terminated; sought to prevent international conflicts between European nations over the issue of imperialism; as a result, the "scramble for Africa" was on
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After the Serbo-Bulgarian War Bismarck wanted to continue to ally with Russia. His attempt to ally was the Reinsurance Treaty. It stated that Germany and Russia agreed to be neutral if either would be involved in a war with a third country and the Neutrality would not apply if Germany attacked France or if Russia attacked Austria-Hungary. The other point was that Germany declared herself neutral in the event of a Russian intervention in the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.
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Bismarck resigned in 1890 because Wilhelm II insisted that he do so. He was promoted to Field Marshal and given the title Duke of Lauenburg. A popular cartoon, shown here, was called “dropping the pilot” showing Bismarck leaving a ship with Wilhelm II watching him.
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General Horatio H. Kitchener defeated Sudanese tribesman and killed 11,000 (with machine guns) while only 28 Britons died
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France & Britain nearly went to war over Sudan; France backed down (partly because it was in the midst of the Dreyfus Affair)
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Theophile Delcasse was a French statesman who was one of the main creators of the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale of 1904. He was forced to resign in 1905 in the wake of the Moroccan Crisis. He later returned as Navy Minister in 1911 and worked to secure an agreement with Britain to defend the French Atlantic coast in the event of war. He resigned for good on 12 October 1915, ending his government career.
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The Algeciras Conference was held in Algeciras, Spain to settle a dispute over Morocco with France And Germany. Germany was attempting to prevent France from establishing a protectorate over Morocco because they believed German interests were violated when they were ignored in the Anglo-French Entente of 1904. It resulted in the Act of Algeciras which opened Moroccan trade to all nations. It also gave France and Spain control of the Moroccan police force.
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The Anglo-Russian Entente solidified the boundaries that identified Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. The agreement crushed any chance of Persian autonomy but the powers wanted Persia to stay stable and controlled the way is was. The agreement also prevented a sole control over various parts of central Asia.
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The Anglo-Russian Agreement was an agreement where Britain and Russia decided to settle their colonial disputes in Afghanistan, Tibet and Persia. It stated that neither country would interfere in Tibet’s internal affairs, weakened influence in Persia, and recognized Britain’s influence in Afghanistan. It later led to the formation of the Triple Entente.
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The First Balkan War was in 1912 Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria attacked the Ottoman Empire. Later they fought with Bulgaria over the spoils of war. This kicked off the Second Balkan War in 1913. This forced Serbia to give up Albania. This was successful in destroying the Ottoman Empire.
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Balkan nationalism was a main cause of war. Balkan nationalism was rising and it caused some tension. Serbia started in 1903 by becoming openly hostile toward Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. When Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia was enraged but could not do anything about it because they did not have Russian support. In 1912 the First Balkan War broke out and Serbia , Greece, and Bulgaria attacked the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. This led to the Second Balkan War in 191
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The Lusitania sank in 1915. It was hit by a torpedo that was shot by a U-20 Submarine. Of the 1,959 people that were aboard the ship when it departed 761 survived. The last survivor was Audrey Lawson-Johnston. She was only three months old when the ship went down and she passed away on January 11, 2011.
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reduced the amount of armed war heads
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terrorist attack on US
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President Bush declares Afghans orginization Al-Queada responsible for the attacks of 9/11 and declares war