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1348-1351
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe -
1350-1550
The cultural rebirth that occurred in Europe from roughly the fourteenth through the middle of the seventeenth centuries, based on the rediscovery of the literature of Greece and Rome. -
1415-1417
Council of Constance, 16th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. Following the election of two rival popes, Gregory XII in Rome and Benedict XIII in Avignon in 1378 and the attempt at the Council of Pisa in 1409 to resolve the Great Schism by the election of a new pope, the church found itself with three popes instead of one. -
1450-1600
During this age, European explorers searched for trade routes, overseas wealth, and adventure. Technological innovations advanced exploration, such as the inventions of the astrolabe, a device used to determine latitude; the caravel, an large ship of unprecedented speed; and the magnetic compass. -
1453
The fall of Constantinople led to the growth of the Ottoman Empire, brining the enemy closer to Europe. The end of the Hundred Years' War was also important because it centralized France, brought a sense of nationalism to France and England, and it brought new weapons. -
1455
Helped to increase literacyi, increase productivity, and it also helped lead to newspapers. The printing press was a major influence in the spread of the new religions and ideas during the Protestant Reformation and in Europe. -
1492
The discovery of the Americas led to the Columbian Exchange. This brought new food, diseases, and animals to both Europe and the Americas. The significance of the reconquista in Spain is that it removed all the Muslims from Spain and forced people to convert to Christianity. -
1500-1700
Characterized by profound changes in many realms of human endeavor. Among the most important include the development of science as a formalized practice, increasingly rapid technological progress, and the establishment of secularized civic politics, law courts and the nation state. -
(1500-1650) Price revolution is a term used to describe a series of economic events from the 2nd half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th century. The price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that occurred during this period across Western Europe.
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1517
The Ninety-Five Theses, was written by Martin Luther in 1517 and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences. -
1519
Cortez's conquer over the Aztecs resulted in the downfall of the indigeneous tribes of the Americas, a loss of culture and a beginning of enslavement of the Native Americans. It also brought diseases such as smallpox and measles to the Americas. -
1520-1650
By the 1520s, Martin Luther's ideas crystallized opposition to the Church, and Christian Europe was torn apart. In response, the Catholic Church set in motion the counter-reformation. -
1520-1650
Europe was plagued by wars of religion. However, while religion was given as the reason for war, there were many other reasons as well. These included land, money and economics, political power, natural resources, and more. -
1534
The first Act of Supremacy was legislation in 1534 that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England. Royal Supremacy is specifically used to describe the legal sovereignty of the civil laws over the laws of the Church in England. -
Transformed Geneva into a Christian community where activity was heavily regulated. It also spread to France, England, and New England. It became an important religion in Europe.
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1543-1687
The emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. -
1543
Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism,[1] is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Changes the perpective of people's way of thinking and perceptions of the universe. -
1545
The council had opened 18 years earlier, in response to the difficulties the Church faced in the wake of the Protestant Reformation. Reformed the Catholic Church and reaffirmed church doctrine. It preseved the papacy as the center of Christianity and reaffirmed the seven sacraments, while these are major effects of the council there also many more important changes -
(1550-1650) The Dutch Golden Age was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world.
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1550-1650
The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages refers to a series of events in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that brought centuries of European prosperity and growth to a halt. Such as the presence of series of famines and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire -
1555
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 formally recognized Lutheranism and allowed the German princes to choose what religion their state would have. Charles V abdicating results in giving or freeing away parts of the Holy Roman Empire, thus dividing it more -
(1580-1680) A period of witch hunts that took place across early modern Europe between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries.The trials were sparked by the belief that malevolent Satanic witches were operating as an organized threat to Christendom.
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1588
Queen Elizabeth's decisive defeat of the Invincible Armada made England a world-class power and introduced effective long-range weapons into naval warfare for the first time, ending the era of boarding and close-quarter fighting. -
1598
Granted French Protestants religious tolerance. It also was the first formal recognition by an European monarchy that two religions could coexist. -
(1600-1750) The Baroque is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music.
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17th and 18th Centuries
The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 17th century until the early 18th century. -
1600
The Dutch East India Company was a chartered company established in 1602, when the States General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia. It is often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stock. -
1603
The Stuarts believed that their authority came from God. They were against the Parliament, in which leading to the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution in England. -
(1603-1689) In early 17th century England, the first two Stuart kings, James I and Charles I, sought to establish an absolute monarchy and to enforce their views on religion. These policies led to a revolt by Parliament, with the support of the Puritans, against Charles I. The English Civil War of the 1640's ended wit the victory of Parliament and the execution of the King.
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Louis XIV, France's Sun King, had the longest reign in European history (1643-1715). During this time he brought absolute monarchy to its height, established a glittering court at Versailles, and fought most of the other European countries in four wars.
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1648
The Peace of Westphalia that ended the war marked a turning point in European history. Conflicts fought over religious faith ended. The treatise recognized the sovereign independent authority of more than 300 German princes. After the treaty of Westphalia the Holy Roman Empire remained a loosely knit federation. -
1649
The beheading of Charles I on January 30th, 1649, left an impactful mark on the history of England and on the way that the English think about themselves. It was the climactic movment of the Puritan Revolution and it also changed the whole character of the conflict. Most of the people who had taken up arms against Charles I seven years earlier were opposed to his killing, if not outraged by it. -
(1650-1750) Period after exploration providing European nations with vast overseas empires and wealth that strengthens the kings into absolute monarchs and the exploring nations into superpowers, but causes external conflicts, such as religious and colonial wars, and internal conflicts, such as revolutions and civil wars, as kings got too powerful.
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(1650-1763) Anglo-Dutch Wars, also called Dutch Wars, Dutch Engelse Oorlogen, (English Wars), the four 17th- and 18th-century naval conflicts between England and the Dutch Republic. The first three wars, stemming from commercial rivalry, established England’s naval might, and the last, arising from Dutch interference in the American Revolution, spelled the end of the republic’s position as a world power.
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(1650-1763)
Prussia significantly became a strong power with a strong army. Under Frederick William I they gained an army of 80,000 people. Military life became very important for both Prussia and Frederick William I and Frederick William II -
1687
Newton's book had an advanced knowledge on math and science. Explained the laws of gravitation and motion. The book also had an impact on how the world and specifically the English society developed -
1688-1689
Glorious revolution resulted in the Parliament limiting the monarch's power and issued the Bill of Rights in order to limit the monarch's power. The significance of Peter the Great is that he modernized Russia and expanded Russia's army, -
(1689-1815)
Russian society emerged from the Time of Troubles shattered and unsure of itself. This shaken society was then subject to wrenching social and economic change and strong external influences. Became a strong force on the Baltic Sea -
1694
Bank of England is that it acted as the government's banker and debt-manager. It became a financial center later on in European history. It affected economic and financial activity in England. -
18th Century
The rise of the middle class brought different classes of people. There were no longer few rich and many poor. There was now a middle class with bankers, merchants, artisans, etc... -
18th Century
The Enlightenment is the period in the history of western thought and culture, stretching roughly from the mid-decades of the seventeenth century through the eighteenth century, characterized by dramatic revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics -
18th Century
Le d to innovations in agriculture such as the open-field system, enclosed fields, continuous crop rotation, and use of manure as fertilizer. Thus allowing an abundant amount of food supply to Europe. -
1713-1715
The Peace of Utrecht, which was actually made up of several different treaties, resolved a more than decade-long, pan-continental conflict called the War of the Spanish Succession, and its conditions irrevocably shifted the balance of power in Western Europe. The death of Louis XIV passed on his ruling expertise to his descendents through his journals and he made France in debt. -
1720-1760
Rococo Art succeeded Baroque Art in Europe. It was most popular in France, and is generally associated with the reign of King Louis XV (1715-1774). It is a light, elaborate and decorative style of art. -
1740
War of the Austrian Succession, a conglomeration of related wars, two of which developed directly from the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and head of the Austrian branch of the house of Habsburg. The French and Prussian were fighting againest the English and Austrians -
1750-1850
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions.The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history. -
1763
The Treaty of Paris officially ended the Revolutionary War. It was signed in Paris by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. -
1776
From the American Revolution the coloner in the English colonies were able to free themselves from England, as a result England lost a lot of land. "Wealth of Nations" introduced classical economic thought and included his laissez-faire economics beliefs. -
1789-1848
The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1775 to 1848 in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas -
1789
French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France reached its first climax in 1789. The revolution popularized the use of the gulliotine and also led to the Legistlative Assembly in France -
1790s-1980s
Feminism led to many demands for equality for women. Eventually, the femenist movement led to more women in science and at work. Furhtermore women were eventually able to vote in European countries. -
1790s-1914
Nationalism was an important factor in the development of Europe. In the 19th century, a wave of romantic nationalism swept the European continent, transforming its countries. -
1790s-1914
Nationalism was an important factor in the development of Europe. In the 19th century, a wave of romantic nationalism swept the European continent, transforming its countries. -
1792
Eventually the femenist movement leaded to a restructure of gender hierarchies. With femenism, women demanded better rights and started to work more. -
1799
Napoleon improved the schools and court systems of France. The Napoleonic Code is a law system used by many countries. Also, made France a military power, but during his decline, the Bourbon monarchy was restored and made France miserable till he returned from exile. -
1830s-1870s
Led to a belief in natural rights that governments must protect. People also believed in a support of civil liberties including freedom of the press, assembly, and religion. It led to an opposition of full democracy and wanted laissez-faire. -
1830-1831
In France the bourgeois and landowning classes emerged as the dominant power. Feudalism was dead; social order and contractual relations were consolidated by the Code Napoléon. The Revolution unified France and enhanced the power of the national state. Belgium and Greece were able to become neutral states. The significance is there were able to be independent states. -
1848
The revolutions led to a new age of political realism. Also, it is important to know that peaceful reforms let England avoid these revolts. The "Communist Manifesto" influenced the thought of people. Engeks wrote about the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, also argued that women were exploited by men and capitalists. -
First half of the 19th Century
Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century -
1850-1875
Unification and nation-building was significant as it created new countries. This idealogy created more cultural cohesiveness and led to a network state. -
1850-1870s
Both materialism and realism opposed romanticism; realism is a widely used term in the arts. In literature, it came into being as a response to Romanticism. While Romanticism focused on the inner, spiritual side of human nature. Materialism in philosophy is the view that everything that exists is either composed of matter or depends on matter for its existence. -
1850-1914
Second industrial revolution brought new industries; new sources of power, such as electricity, oil, and gasoline; and also new forms of communication and transportation, such as the telephone; and new industrial powers. -
1850-1914
Imperialism was a period of colonial expansion and its accompanying ideologies by the European powers. The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. -
1850-1920s
Modern ideas and science resulted in new things suchs as women's rights, mass politics, the bacterial revolution, and the theory of evolution. This led to a better understanding of the world and also led to the establishment of several modern sciences -
Second half of the 19th Century
The rising levels of education in Europe foreshadowed the emergence of modern societies and processes of social mobilization, as urbanization and literacy -
1851
The Crystal Palace exhibition provided a national center for the enlightened people. It symbolized the industrial, economic, and military superiority of Great Britain. -
1857
ndia became subject to British rule. Allowing to bring some British culture into India. Britain took most of the resources that were available in India. However, Britain actually contributed to the infrastructure and postal services of India. -
1859
In Darwin's "Orgin of Species", it challenged the idea of special creation by proposing a theory of evolution. It reaffirmed the Malthusian belief that only the "fittest" species could survive and that natural selection picked off people. -
1861
Northern Italy was urban and industrialized while Southern Italy was rural and poor. The government was still in heavy debt after unification. The emancipation of the serfs allowed the serfs to free, however the peasants could not own the land. This created some freedom, but the lower class still was restricted. -
1870-1920
Modern art began as a Western movement, particularly in painting and printmaking, and then expanding to other visual arts, including sculpture and architecture in the mid-19th century. There were new techniques that were seen in art, such as modernity, impressionism, and cubism -
1871
Germany's unification created a new European balance of power. The German empire industrialized quickly and became the strongest state in Europe and a rival to Great Britain.
The significance of the Third Republic in France was a time of confusion. The Third Republic did not last long and was not loved by the people. -
1884-1885
Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period. The Berlin Conference divided Africa among European nations. Such as the Congo was now under Leopold II in Belgium. The conference also created rules for the race to colonize the African territories. -
1900
Freud was among one of the first psychologists to analyze dreams through experiments and clinical trials. He also used his own experiences in his research. This provided knowledge as to what dreams were. -
1905
Einstein's relativity theory challenged traditional conceptions of time, space, and motion. The revolution's impact was a massacre that provoked strikes and demands for change. The election of a Russia parliament resulted from the revolution. -
1914-1945
Wars involving many large nations in all different parts of the world.This era was a time with rivalry and conflict. It showed that a balance of power and peace was necessary to keep countries in check. -
1914
World War I put most of Europe into war. It led to many battle, with Germany in the middle of the war. World War I was important because the world was trying to become more peaceful together. -
1917
The Bolsheviks were born out of Russia’s Social Democrat Party. When the party split in 1903, the Bolsheviks only had one obvious leader, Lenin. The Bolshevik Revolution ended in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Russia then lost a quarter of its European territory and a third of its population. -
1919
On 28 June 1919, the peace treaty that ended World War I was signed by Germany and the Allies at the Palace of Versailles near Paris.Dissolved Austria-Hungary into different states and gave land back to France. It also created the League of Nations -
1920s-1945
Totalitaranism occured as total control over the lives in citizens. It also manipulated and censored the information people received. It was significant because it was a form of government that tried to mold loyal citizens. -
1922
All political parties were outlawed except for Fascists. Also, Mussolini effected Italy by making people think he was always right. Mussolini controled the corporations in Italy. -
1929
Many people became homeless because they lost their job and couldn't pay their rent. The unemployment rate increased a lot during the great depression. Starvation and illness hurt a lot of the country. Everyone who did not have a job was having a hard time feeding themselves and paying the rent. It transformed the optimistic spirit of the late 1920s with a sense of doubt and fear. -
1933
Hitler convinced Germans to follow his leadership. He used the people's fears to his advantage. He then created a totalitarian state in Germany. -
1938
The Munich Conference gave Sudetenland to Hitler. It also discredited the British policy of appeasement.The conference held in Munich, during which the leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia. -
1939
More than 50 countries took part in the war, and the whole world felt its effects. Men fought in almost every part of the world, on every continent except Antarctica. Most importantly, the Holocaust began and a mass murder happened of Jews. It also was important because is resulted in the United Nations. -
1945-1991
The Cold War is the name given to the relationship that developed primarily between the USA and the USSR after World War Two. The Cold War was to dominate international affairs for decades and many major crises occurred -
1945-present
Most European nations were joined. They were unified together and this later leads to the European Economic Community and the European Union. -
1945
The final battles of the European Theatre of World War II as well as the German surrender to the Western Allies and the Soviet Union took place in late April and early May 1945. The United Nations was significant as it created a political union in which countries could participate in. -
1949
NATO was formed for primarily three different purposes: deterring Soviet expansionism, forbidding the revival of nationalist militarism in Europe through a strong North American presence on the continent, and encouraging European political integration. -
1951
The European Coal and Steel Community was a six-nation international organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and create the foundation for the modern-day developments of the European Union. The ECSC was the first organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism. -
1953
Stalin's death is that the regin of terror in the Soviet Union ended upon his death. This led to Nikita Khrushchev as the new leader. -
1956
The de-Stalinization speech involved having a shift toward producing consumer goods, curbing the power of the secret police, and granting more freedom to writers and intellectuals.
The significance of the Hungary revolt , the Soviets came in and crushed this revolt. -
1957
EEC eliminated trade barriers among its members. It also emerged as the driving force behind economic integration in Western Europe. The significance of Sputnik lauching became a symbol of Soviet technological prowess. It played a key role in contributing to the space race between the US and the Soviet Union. -
1958
New policies under DeGaulle granted Algeria full independence, withdrew French military forces from NATO, developed nuclear weapons for France, and opposed Great Britain's entry into the EEC. -
1961
Barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989, the Berlin Wall stopped the flow of refugees and simultaneaously became a symbol of Communist oppression. The Berlin Wall divided the communist and democratic people of a Germany -
1962
Acknowledged the seperation of the church and state, renounced war, ordered wide-ranging reforms in religious life and training of clergy. This also influenced how Catholics viewed the world. -
1962
The Cuban missile crisis was a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. -
1968
The significance of the student revolts was that there were many protests throughout Europe. It concluded with the the police usually arresting many of them.The significance of the revolts in Czechoslovakia is it allowed it to returned to communist control. They also has Russia staying in control behind the Iron Curtain. -
1975
The Helsinki Final Act was an agreement signed by 35 nations that concluded the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Helsinki, Finland.The Helsinki Accords were primarily an effort to reduce tension between the Soviet and Western blocs by securing their common acceptance of the post-World War II status quo in Europe. -
1978
John Paul II is he became the most-traveled pope, the pope who appointed the most cardinals, wrote the most books, and called the most influential figure of his time by the London Times. -
1979
The invasion caused a lot of stress on the economic system of the Soviet Union. It also caused a lot of social discontent with the people in the Soviet Union. The significance of having Thatcher elected is that she allowed to right to buy a council house, put reforms that established London as the financial center, and lowered the industry in Britain. -
1980
Polish voters were able to elect their own Solidarity candidates over the Communist Party in 1989. This showed the first time the people in a state could peacefully exit a Communist regime. -
1985
Gorbachev put up many new reforms in Soviet Union. He put up a program of economic restructuring, had democratization, and encouraged Soviet citizens to discuss ways to reform their society. -
1989
The collapse of the Berlin Wall showed the reunification of Germany occured as a result of the collapse of teh Berlin Wall. It marked the end of the Cold War in Easter Europe and the decline in Communism -
1991
The collapse of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics radically changed the world's economic and political environment. Now, different ethnic groups were able to revolt and demand their own freedom, since they had lost their fear of the Communist party under Gorbachev. Balkan conflicts is that it led to a devolution of the Balkan peninsula. These conflicts led to ethnic nations forming, such as Kosovo. -
1992
The Maastricht Treaty, which was signed on February 7, 1992, created the European Union. The treaty met with substantial resistance in some countries. -
1999
The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1. -
2001
The terrorist attacks caused hatred and anger towards people of the Middle East. It also brought fear to the people in the US. Furthermore, it also led to tightened restrictions in the airports.
