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fought between England and France, caused by conflict over the French succession
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by Johannes Gutenberg
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no one expects the spanish inquisition!! but seriously how was this not formally ended until the nineteenth century
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commissioned by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
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signed between Spain, Portugal, and Pope Alexander VI; set up a line of demarcation that gave Spain the Americas and Portugal Africa and Asia
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victory for Portugal
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commissioned by Pope Julius II
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satire about the upper classes and religious institutions, pushes for reform in the Catholic Church
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not v cash money of u dude
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published five years after Machiavelli died
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important event during the Counter Reformation where Church officials met to mend doctrinal and practical differences within itself
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signed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their domain
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she succeeds Mary Tudor, her half sister
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massacre of aristocratic Huguenots by French Catholics, cripples the Huguenot movement
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under the Dutch Republic
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signed by King Henry IV of France, granted religious freedom to French Protestants
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begins the Romanov dynasty that would rule until 1917
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part of the European wars of religion that occurred in Central Europe during the 17th century
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under Louis XIII
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"I think, therefore I am"
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under Louis XIV after Cardinal Richelieu's death
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remember: James I, Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II, James II, William and Mary
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his reign is arguably the most iconic absolute monarchy in history
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ended the 30 Years' War
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French civil wars between Louis XIV and the princes, nobility, courts, and most of the peasantry; Louis won tho because he's a G
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one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory, argues that people are inherently evil and that they need a strong ruler to guide them
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under Louis XIV
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every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers
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William and Mary take over
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the First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the Second Treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory (yes I copy-pasted from Wiki, what about it)
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Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV's grandson) was confirmed as king of Spain in return for accepting its permanent separation from France, the Spanish Empire remained largely intact, but ceded territories in Italy and the Low Countries to Austria and Savoy; Britain acquired significant trade concessions in the Spanish Americas and replaced the Dutch as the leading maritime and commercial European power
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unites England and Scotland, much to Scotland's dismay
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a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, allowed Philip V (grandson of King Louis XIV of France) to keep the Spanish throne in return for permanently renouncing his claim to the French throne, along with other necessary guarantees that would ensure that France and Spain should not merge
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with George I
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the last Great Power conflict with the Bourbon-Habsburg dynastic conflict at its heart, marked the rise of Prussia as a major power; France and Prussia challenge Maria Theresa's right to inherit the Holy Roman Empire
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book comparing laws; advocated for a constitutional system of government with separation of powers, the preservation of legality and civil liberties, and the end of slavery
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a struggle for global primacy between Britain and France, called the French and Indian War in America; Britain ultimately won and became the world's greatest colonial and naval power
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critique of political and religious oppression, sexual violence against women, and the corruptive power of money
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a treatise on the nature of education and on the nature of man, served as the inspiration for what became a new national system of education in France
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at first he co-ruled with his mother Maria Theresa, then gained sole rulership in 1780
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greater efficiency model of Thomas Newcomen's steam engine
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Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, engineered the partition to prevent Austria, jealous of Russian successes against the Ottoman Empire, from going to war; Poland was split among Austria, Russia and Prussia
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Pugachev's Rebellion was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II seized power in 1762, began as an organized insurrection of Cossacks headed by Yemelyan Pugachev (who "abolished" serfdom) against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire; presented a challenge to the imperial administration of Catherine II.
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you go you funky little colonies
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laissez-faire capitalism
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set out a series of individual rights protected by law
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vowing "not to separate and to reassemble wherever necessary, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established"; strengthening of the Third Estate and the creation of a constitutional monarchy
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occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation of 1792, was split between Russia and Prussia; ratified by the coerced Polish parliament in an attempt to prevent the inevitable complete annexation of Poland
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by Maximilien Robespierre
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the last in a series of the partitions of Poland among Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918; followed by a number of Polish uprisings during the period
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weak dictatorial government created after the Reign of Terror, would be replaced by Napoleon Bonaparte's stronger dictatorship
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major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws, made laws clearer and more accessible; established the supremacy of the man over the wife and children, women had fewer rights than a minor, divorce by mutual consent was abolished in 1804
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attempted to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe, resized the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace
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Napoleon is defeated, marks the end of the First French Empire