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1543
Scientific Revolution (Europe, 1543-1600)
- Nicolaus Copernicus: He wrote the book called On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres. Marked the beginning of the S.R.
- Tycho Brahe: Found 750 stars.
- Galileo Galilei: First person to study the sky with a telescope.
- The discoveries of the Age of Exploration.
- Christian theology of a created, good, and predictable world of secondary causation.
- The printing revolution that increased the available knowledge by orders of magnitude.
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American Revolution (America: 1765 – 1783)
The English Government: Sought to regulate trade in the American colonies. Large crowd: grew threatening, throwing snowballs, rocks, and debris at them. French: They agreed to recognize American independence and formed a permanent alliance with the new nation. 1777 the British occupied Philadelphia. 1776 Washington led his army to two surprise victories at TRENTON and PRINCETON that uplifted the morale of the patriots. Treaty of Paris made it official, America was independent. -
French Revolution (France: 1789 – 1799)
- Charlotte Corday (French revolutionary heroine): Assassinated Marat because she thought it would stop all the violence.
- Marie Antoinette (Queen of France): Lead a lavish lifestyle and was deeply despised.
- Louis XVI (King of France): In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed.
- 1788: Large crop failure all through France.
- 1789: French boom in population.
- 1770: French economic development halted.
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Napoleonic Empire (Paris, 1798-1821)
- Holy Alliance: 1815 agreement promoted by Czar Alexander I.
- Jacobins: Held a very liberal equalitarian vision.
- First Coalition: Grouping of European states against Revolutionary France
- Napoleon caused a major backlash against his ideas and against the prospect that a single country could dominate Europe.
- Napoleon had came about when people actually followed his ideas.
- Napoleon also introduced the idea of liberalism and the laws of the Napoleonic Code.
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Enlightenment (France: 18th Century)
- Francis Bacon: He encouraged an empirical approach.
- Rene Descartes: He was willing to prove their validity through logic.
- Immanuel Kant: Move philosophy on from the debate between rationalists and empiricists.
- Based on the reasoning of things, the power of humans to understand the universe and improve it.
- The first powers of reason had been explored by the philosophers and ancient Greece.
- Christian religion, Induction and Deduction were main points between this movement.
