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Phillip II reigned from May 21, 1527 until September 13, 1598. He inherited Spain, spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. He was shy, hard working, and worked alone. In 1580, he inherited Portugal, which had strongholds in Africa, India, and the East Indies. By 1600 the New World supplied Phillips empire with lots of gold and silver. During his reign he defended catholicism against protestants and muslims. In 1588 he launched the spanish armada, but the massive fleet failed.
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Inherited the throne at 3 years old. Was a decent king until death of his wife, Anastasia Romanov, after which he killed his eldest son and imposed harsh laws and taxes on Russians, causing them to dislike him strongly. He died on March 28, 1584.
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Started in Paris, and sparked a 6-week nationwide mass slaughter of Hueguenots. Occurred when many nobles were present in Paris for the wedding of Henry of Navarre and Queen Catherine's daughter.
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Establishes religious tolerance in France and allows Hueguenots to establish houses of worship.
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Inherits throne after death of Queen Elizabeth I. Struggled with Parliament over money and Puritanism.
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Louis inherits throne after death of his father and establishes himself as a weak king.
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Conflict over religion,territory and power amongst European ruling families causes war which lasts from 1618 to 1648. During first 12 years, Hapsburgs were victorious. Cardinal Richilieu and his son dominated following years of the war, which ended with Peace of Westphalia.
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Richeleiu is appointed by Louis XIII and takes two steps to increase power of Bourbon Monarchy:
1. Moves against Hueguenot because he believed it to create conspiracies against Catholic King
2. Weakens power of noble families by ordering them to take down castles. -
Son of James I. Was in constant need of money due to war with Spain & France, which Parliament refused and angered Charles.
Agreed to creation of Petition of Rights:
-He would not imprison subjects without due cause
-Would not levy taxes without parliamrnt consent
-Would not house soldiers in private homes
He died on January 30, 1649.
-Would not impose martial law in peacetime -
Lasted 1642-1649. Between supporters and opponents of King Charles I. Charles' supporters were called Royalists and Parliament supporters were Puritans.
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Louis XIV was the strongest king France has ever had and stated "I Am the State", further proving his power.
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-Weakend Hapsburg state of Spain and Germany
-Strengthened France by awarding it German territory
-Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Emperor
-Ended religious wars in Europe
-Introduced a new method of peace negoation where participants come together to peacefully discuss solution (which is used to this day).
-Ended 30 Years War -
Was a general in civil war before becoming leader of England and abolishing monarchy. He held Charles I prisoner after English Civil War and tried him for treason. Reigned as a military dictator until his death 1658. His accomplishments include reforming society, promoting religious tolerance, helping to draft the first European constitution and seizing Ireland.
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-Built Versailles at value of 2.5 Billion dollars (2003 value)
-Invades Spanish Netherlands and gained 12 towns (1667)
-Invades Dutch Netherlands (1672)
-Causes other European countries to form alliance due to fear of being conquered -
Stretched for about 500 yards, making it resemble a small city. Rich decoration and furnishing showed off Sun King's wealth. Was center of opera and ballet, making it more popular amongst French. Has 5,000 acres of gardens and 1,400 fountains. Excelled France's debt due to its 2.3 Billion dollar value (in 2003 U.S. dollars)
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Contacts with Western Europe in order to learn from greater civilizations which led to Westernization of Russia. He introduced potatoes, which became a Russian diet staple, started Russia's first newspaper, raised the status of women, ordered nobles to wear Western fashions and advanced education by opening schools.
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Lasted from 1688-1689. King James II was overthrown due to him being a catholic, causing him to flee to France. Mary and WIlliam of Orange took over the English throne.
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After Glorious Revolution, England becomes constitutional monarchy causing Parliament to draft Bill of Rights which states what a ruler cannot do:
-No suspending of Parliament's laws
-No levying of taxes without specific grant from Parliament
-No interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament
-No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances -
-Starts after Charles II death
-Spanish throne was promised to Philip of Anjou, Louis XIV's grandson
-Countries felt threatened by increase in Bourbon dynasty's power
-England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal and other European nations joined together to prevent union of France and Spain
-Ended in 1714 with Treaty of Utrecht -
Frederick was son of king Frederick William, who worried his son was not manly enough to be king. Frederick proves father wrong and fights in War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War, bringing Prussia to victory both times.
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Maria takes power in 1740 after her father's death. Was involved in war due to Austria's succession with Prussia. Lost Silesua in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. Maria allied herself with France and fought in the Seven Year's War against Britain and Prussia.
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Descended from King Louis IX and inherited throne in 1589 and became the first king of the Bourbon Dynasty. Catholics opposed Henry because he was Protestant, causing him to convert to Catholicism. In 1598, Henry declares religious tolerance for Hueguenots and establishes Edict of Nantes. Henry strengthened French monarchy. He was stabbed to death in 1610.
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After Oliver Cromwell abolishes the monarchy, Parliament votes Charles II to become king. During his reign, Parliament passes guarantee of freedom called Habeas Corpus which guarantees a criminal suspect a right to trial.
