-
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Absolutism and World Exploration- Liz Nicholson
-
Jan 1, 1519
Hernán Cortés
Captures the Aztec Capital, Technochitlán (Present day Meixco City) -
Period: Jan 1, 1519 to Dec 31, 1556
Charles V
A Spanish King, grandson of King Perdinand and Queen Isabella. He carried the title of Holy Roman Emporer, so he was ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. He was constantly at war with France, Protestants, and the Ottoman Empire. This is who Martin Luther came before in the Diet of Worms. He later became a monk. -
Jan 1, 1525
German Peasant's War
Luther’s anti clerical message struck home with peasants who paid taxes to both their lord and the Catholic church. Many joined in rebellion from southern and central Germany. They followed ex-priest Thomas Muntzer. Luther tried to mediate the rebellion by warning the rebels against mixing religion and social protest and by criticizing the princes for their brutality in response to the peasants. By the end of the year, though, more than 100,000 rebels had been killed. -
Period: Jan 1, 1527 to Dec 31, 1556
Henry VIII
England. The founder of the Church of England (or the Anglican Church). This was a completely political move because he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she was beyond child-bearing years and he wanted a son. The Pope would not grant a dispensation, so he decided to break away from the RCC. He made himself head of church and state of the new church. -
Period: Jan 1, 1530 to
Jean Bodin
A French Catholic lawyer who sought systematic answers to the problem of disorder in The Six Books of the Republic (1576). He concluded that there were 3 diferent types of soverignty: monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. His ideas helped lay the foundation for absolutism -
Period: Jan 1, 1533 to
Michel de Montaigne
A French magistrate who resigned his office in the midst of the wars of religion to write about the need for tolerance and open-mindedness -
Jan 1, 1534
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who went on three expeditions to Canada in 1534, 1535, and in 1541. He was looking for a route through North America. He paved the way for French explortions in North America -
Period: Jan 1, 1545 to Dec 31, 1563
Council of Trent
Met in 3 sessions over 18 years. Condems protestant beliefs and confirms Church Doctrine and sacraments (dogma) for the next 4 centuries. They claimed salvation was found by combined efforts (suffer on earth + faith + works). They made all 7 sacraments valid, and reaffirmed celibacy and purgatory. Finally, they approved the Index of Forbidden Books -
Period: Jan 1, 1553 to Dec 31, 1558
Mary Tudor
She was nicknamed "Bloody Mary" because of the way she tried to re-impose Catholicism. She rescinded reformation legistration, but was eventually overthrown by Elizabeth I and was beheadded. -
Jan 1, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
Ends religious wars and recognizes Lutheran church in German States on a limited basis (because the prince of a region would determine what each sect's actual faith would be). Made lutheranism a legal religion in the Catholic Holy Roman Empire, but did not extend recognition to Calvinists. -
Period: Jan 1, 1556 to
Empire of Philip II
Son of Charles V who ruled Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Itzly, and Americas, but his power was contralized in Spain. He was an Absolute monarch who considered himself the Guardian of the Catholic Chruch. He was at war with the Netherlands and the Ottomans. He created the Golden Century. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing exploratios all around the world. -
Period: Jan 1, 1558 to
Elizabeth I
England. • Inherited the throne after Mary Tudor, her half-sister. During her reign England was in a period of unrest with religion conflicts between Protestant and Catholic beliefs. Elizabeth slowly settled these conflicts in a compromise called the Elizabethan settlement. She created a firm protestant nation while keeping Catholic traditions. -
Jan 1, 1559
Treaty of Cateau- Cambrésis
Ends the war between Habsburg and Valois rulers -
Period: Jan 1, 1562 to
French Wars of Religion
Primarily fought between French Catholics and Calvinists (Hugenots). It was a series of wars that threatened to tear the French naition into shreds. The French kings could not control the religious conflict, and these wars paved the way for wider international conflicts of religion in the decades to come. -
Jan 1, 1566
Revolt of the Netherlands
By the end of the 1660’s, 1/3 of the nobles had joined the Huguenots, and they could raise their own armies. The Calvinists of the Netherlands attacked catholic churches- smashing stained-glass windows and statues of Mary -
Jan 1, 1569
Poland-Lithuania formed
Populus country during the 16th and 17th centuries that was ruled by a monarch. -
Jan 1, 1571
Battle of Lepanto
A site off the Greek coast where the allied Catholic forces of Spain’s King Philip II, Venice, and the papacy defeated the Ottoman Turks in a sea battle. Victory gave the Christian powers control of Mediterranean. -
Jan 1, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
(France) This was one of the most severe acts of violence between the Catholics and the Protestants. Catherine de Médicis arranged a marriage between the king’s Catholic sister, Marguerite de Valois to Henry Navarre, a Huguenot and a Bourbon. An attempted assassination of Huguenot nobles lead Catherine to fear retaliation, so she ordered her son to kill Huguenot leaders. On August 24th, the growing animosity between the 2 groups lead to a bloodbath resulting in 3000 murdered Huguenots in 3 days, -
England deafeats Spanish Armada
English scattered the Spanish Armada by sending blazing fire ships into the middle. Armada was then forced to flee around Scotland. Half the ships had been lost and thousands dead. -
Period: to
Henry IV
France -
Edict of Nantes
The degree issued by French king Henry IV that granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration and political independence. They were free to worship in specific towns and were allowed their own troops, fortresses, and courts. -
Shakespeare's Hamlet
Most enduring and influential playwright of the time. Wrote three dozen plays and comedies as well as tragedies. Example of one of his most famous tragedy is Hamlet -
Period: to
James I
England. 1625 Elizabeth’s chosen successor who came to throne as King of both Scotland and England. He was the first stuart monarch of England. Believed and ruled in divine right and the power of an absolute monarch. Collected his own money by collecting taxes to pay for his funds that parliament wouldn’t give to him. -
Period: to
Louis XIII
France. ascended the throne in 1610 at the age of eight-and-a-half upon the assassination of his father, Henry IV. His mother, Marie de' Medici, managed the kingdom for him until he turned 13. Mismanagement of the kingdom and ceaseless political intrigues by Marie de' Medici and her Italian favourites led the young king to truly take power in 1617 by exiling his mother and executing her followers. -
The defenestration of Prague
Protestants wanted to build new churches, and the Catholic Emperor wanted to stop them. Two catholic officials tried to dissolve the Protestant meetings. Angry Protestants then attacked the two catholic officials and threw them out the window. -
Period: to
The Thirty Years War
This was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars of modern history. Initially, it was fought largely as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics, and then turned into disputes over internal politics and balance of power among the great powers of the time. The war consequently devastated some entire regions. -
Period: to
Ferdinand II
During his reign he wanted to suppress the Protestants and have the power over the Royal nobles. Chosen to be the Holy Roman Emperor. Reigned during the Religious wars/ Thirty Years’ war. -
The Laws of Wars and Peace (Grotius)
Hugo Grotius furthered secular thinking by attempting to systematize the notion of the natural law. He believed that natural law stood beyond the reach of either secular or divine authority. Such beliefs got him into trouble with Protestants and Catholics with his work of the Laws of War and Peace. -
Period: to
Charles I
When he came to power, Parliament resisted new taxes and resented his efforts to extend his personal control over them. Religious tensions brought conflicts made worse. Parliament began making decisions without his authority to try to curb his power, and he finally resisted in 1642- trying unsuccessfully to arrest those leaders. Soon, Charles withdrew from the city and organized an army, and a civil war began between the king and Parliament anand the country was divided. The war lasted 4 years -
Galieleo forced to recant
One of his views was that the earth was a part of a moving larger system as one of the planets revolving around the sun, not as a fixed planet. He published his works in Italian rather than Latin. His discoveries challenged the biblical view, the Catholic church did not agree with this and forbade Galileo to teach these views. He was then asked to recant his views, and from then on he lived under house arrest. -
European Colinizatoin of America
The Europeans first established themselves in the coastal areas. The English, French, and Dutch set up most of their colonies in the Caribbean and North America because the Spanish and Portuguese had already colonized the easily accessible regions in South America. In 1640, vast inland areas still remained unexplored and uncolonized. -
Period: to
Frederick William of Hohenzollern
“The Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia” (where modern-day Germany is). He was a Calvinist ruler who brought his nation through the end of the Thirty Year’s War and then succeeded in welding his scattered lands into an absolutist state -
Period: to
English Civil War
Between Charles I and Parliament. King had been ignoring Parliament acts and supporting Catholicism. When Parliament met, they decided to revolt and formed its own army and fought against the King’s Cavaliers. Parliament won the war with the help of Oliver Cromwell. -
Period: to
Louis XIV
(France) is viewed as the best example of absolutism in the 17th century, bringing absolute monarchy to its height. He officially became king at 4 years old and was 23 when he started to rule. He built up Europe's largest army and took out any sort of religious or political opposition. -
Peace of Westphalia
Settlement of the Thirty Year’ war. Established religious division in the Holy Roman Empire, lutheranism would dominate in the north, Calvinism in the area of the Rhine River, and Catholicism in the South. -
Serfdom and the Code of 1649
(Russia) Tsar Alexei enacted the code which assigned all subjects to a hereditary class according to their current occupation or state needs. Slaves and free peasants were merged into a serf class. As serfs, they could not change occupations or move- they were tightly tie to the soil and to their noble masters. To prevent tax evasion, the code also forbade townspeople to move from the community where they resided. Serfs became property of their lord who could sell them like horses or land. -
Execution of Charles
England. A high court tried Charles I and found him guilty of attempting to establish “an unlimited and tyrannical power” and pronounced a death sentence. On January 30, 1649, he was beheaded before an enormous crowd. While many objected to his autocratic rule, few people actually wanted him killed. For royalists, Charles immediately became a martyr. -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell
England. During the Civil War between Charles I and Parliament, he reorganized the parliamentary troops and his New Model Army defeated the Cavaliers at the battle of Naseby in 1645, and Charles surrendered only a year later. After the war, all the 70 remaining parliament members set up a Puritan Republic and made him chairman of the Council of State. -
Period: to
Holy Roman Emporer Leopold I
His reign is known for the conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the east, and the rivalry with Louis XIV, a contemporary and first cousin, in the west. Leopold fought three wars against France - the Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. -
Monarchy Restored in England
English monarchy was restored when the English, Scottish and Irish Monarchies were all restored under Charles II. New political settlement was establish. -
Period: to
Charles II
England. The son of Charles I, he was invited by a new Anglican Parliament to return from exile after the death of Cromwell. With his coming to power, the traditional monarchical form of government was reinstated, restoring him to full partnership with Parliament. He wanted to extend religious tolerance, especially to Catholics. In 1670, he made a secret agreement with Louis XIV to promise to announce his conversion to Catholicism in exchange for money for a war against the Dutch. -
Barbados Institutes Slave Code
Slave code that stripped all Africans of rights under English law, slavery became codified as an inherited status that applied only to blacks. -
Great Fire of London
1666 During the reign of Charles II, the plague and the Great Fire of London swept the city, which marred the early years of his reign. The fire lasted 3 days and many attributed it to God’s punishment for the upheavals of the 1640s and 1650s -
Period: to
War of Devolution
Enemies: Spain, Dutch Republic, England, and Sweden. Ended by Treaty of Aix-Chapelle in 1668, with France gaining towns in Spanish Netherlands -
Period: to
Peter the Great
Tried to westernize Russian lands, but the ppl did not want that, so he had centralized the power. He pushed on social and economic reforms. Warm port in order to trade all year long. Nearest one was in the black sea and controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Tried to invade the Ottomans, but they were too strong for his troops. He began a long war against sweden. Built St. Petersburg on land they won against Sweden. -
Period: to
Dutch War
Took place during the reign of Louis XIV. His enemies were Spain, the Dutch Republic, England, and Sweden. The Dutch stood in the way of his acquisition of more territory in the Spanish Netherlands. He declared war on Spain in 1673, and the Dutch had allied themselves with their former Spanish masters to hold off the French, but France was still very strong on their own. The war ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668 with France gaining towns in Spanish Netherlands (Flanders). -
Austrian Habsburgs break Turish siege of Vienne
Turks pushed all the way to the gates of Vienna and laid siege to the Austrian Capital. -
Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes
He revoked this Edict made by his grandfather and closed their churches and schools, banned all their public activities, and exiled those who refused to embrace the state religion. -
Period: to
James II
England -
The Glorious Revolution
This marked as the final triumph of constitutionalism over absolutism in England. When William and Mary signed the Bill of Rights proposed by Parliament in 1689, the agreement gave England’s constitutional govt. a written, legal basis by formally recognizing Parliament as a self-contained, independent body that shared power with the rulers. It was called the Glorious Revolution because it was achieved with so little bloodshed. -
Period: to
War of the League of Augsburg
Also took place during the reign of Louis XIV. His mind was fading and he was extremely power hungry and continued to push eastward attacking and seizing cities. His enemies were the Dutch Republic, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. This ended with the Treaty of Nijmegan (1678-1679), which gave several towns in Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté to France -
Period: to
William and Mary of Orange
England. Mary, James II oldest daughter, was raised Protestant and had no problem acting with her husband against her father’s pro-Catholic policies. When James fled to France, William and Mary were jointly offered the throne on the condition that they accent a bill of rights guaranteeing Parliament’s full partnership in a constitutional government (The Glorious Revolution).