-
-
He stopped at notheing to make Muscovy the center of the Russian Empire. He killed boyars (nobles), tortured priests, and murdered his own son.
-
Given by Charles V, it officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire.
-
He was the most powerful ruler in all of Europe. He inherite Spain and Netherlands, and he controlled all Spanish collonies in the New World. Gold and Silver from the New World gave him money to fight the Ottomans.
-
She succeeded her half-sister Mary Tudor to become Queen of England. She brought Protestanism back to England angering Philip II.
-
Italian-bonr mother of FRench king Charles IX. She attempted to prevent religious warfare between Calvinists and Catholics.
-
Calvinist pastors sneak into France. Rival Hugenot and Catholic armies fought. French kings could control the relgious conflict.
-
Elizabeth denied any and all Puritan demands to change the church. This incoportated elements of Catholic ritual along with Calvinsit docrines.
-
Calvinists in the Netherlands attacked Catholic churches. They smashed stained-glass windows and statues of the Virgin Mary. Philip sent an army to punish the rebels.
-
Scottish Calvinists forced Mary, Queen of Scots, to abdicate the throne of Scotland in favor of her son James who eventually becomes the King of England.
-
Moriscos or Musilim converts to Christianity -who secretly remained faithful to Islam-revolted in southern Spain.
-
The Anglican Prayer book was written in 1569. Elizabeth was the official head of the Church of England. She named bishops and made final decisions about everu aspect of church governance.
-
They controlled extensive territory streching from the Baltic Sea to deep with in present-day Ukraine and Belarus. The country's nobles elected their king and placed severe limits on his authority.
-
The allied catholic forces of Spains's king Philip II, venince, and the papacy deafeat the Ottoman Turks in a great sea battle. This gave Christian control of the Mediterranean.
-
10,000 Huguenots died in six weeks to the hand of the Catholics. This conflict was fueled by years of animosity between Catholics and Protestants. Catholics were happy with this event including the pope and Philip II
-
Philip's long-unpaid armies sacked Antwerp and then Europe's wealthiest commercial city. Theey slaughtered seven thousand people. Prince William of Orange led the attack.
-
The Netherlands' seven Protestant northern provinces fromally allied with ten Caltholic sounthern provinces to drive out the Spaniards. This was a retaliation of the Spanish Fury.
-
The King of Portugal died without a direct heir Philip II took over thier lands and alll its rich empire in Africa, India, and the Americas.
-
This commander showed how political ambition could trump religious conviction. He raised an army for Ferdinand II emplying 125,000 soldiers pludering much of Protestant Germany.
-
William of Orange is assassinated. This along with the revolt prvented the Spanish to ever regain control in the north.
-
Puritans urged for a new translation of the Bible. It was named after the successor of Elizabeth James I.
-
Becuase Philip II annexed Portugal, he started to interfer with French affairs. Elizabeth sent 7,000 troops ito help the Dutch rebels.
-
He offered to subsidize the Lutheran Gustavus. This agreement between Swedish Lutheran and French Catholic powers to fight Catholic Habsburgs showed that state interest could outwiegh all other considerations.
-
Mary sends a letter to Philip offering her succession right to the throne of England to Philip. Elizabeth ordered Mary's beheading. This futher angered Philip II.
-
Philip sent his armada of 130 ships from Lisbon toward the English Channel. The English sent ships on fire to crash into them and destroy them causing them to scater. This was a crushing psychological blow to Philip and Catholic Spain.
-
He established control over war torn France. He legally protected the 1.5 million Huguenots in France with the Edict of Nantes. He allow rich merchants and lawyers buy offices.
-
This Lutheran King of Demark responded to Wallenstein by invading Northern Germany to protect the Protestants and extend his own infuence. He lacked military support and was defeated by Wallenstein.
-
Jews could openly worship in their synagogues in the Dutch Republic. There was such a high population due to the fact that they were driven out of Spain and Portugal.
-
The decree issued by French king Henry IC in 1598. that granted the Huguenots a large amount of religious freedom. It ended the French Relgious Wars.
-
Shakespeare writes tragedies Hamlet (1601), King Lear (1605), and Macbeth (1606). They might be commentaries on the situation in England.
-
He ruled in the name of Louis XIV. In order to meet the finacial pressure of the 30 Years War, he sold officies, raised taxes, and froced creditors to extend loans.
-
James I was the chosen successor of Elizabeth I. He came to the throne as both the king of Scotland and England. James was left with a secure kingdom with growing weight in world politics.
-
Miguel de Cervantes captured the disappointment of the thwarted Spanish imperial ambition.
-
Philip ordered expulsion of all Moriscos in Spanish territory. By 1613 aprocimately 300,000 Moriscos had been forced to relocate to North Africa.
-
This French king hoped to profit from the struggle of Spain and Netherlands and Austrian emperor and his Protestant subjects.
-
This Swedish leader marched into Germany in 1630. He declared Protestant support for he wanted to control trade in nothern Europe.
-
An army of nobles, townspeople, and peasants expelled intruderes and gave the throne to Michael Romanov. He established a new dynasty.
-
Archduke Ferdinand was crowned King of Bohemia. He was a Catholic Habsburg. The Austrian Habsburgs held the imperial crown of Holy Roman Empire in addition to separately administered royal crowns. Ferdinand began to curtail the relgious freedom previously granted to Protestants.
-
The imperial armies defeated the outmanned Czechs at the battle of White Mountain. White Mountain became an enduring symbol of the Czechs' desire fro self-determination. They don't gain their independence until 1918.
-
This outlawed Calvinism in th empire and reclaimed Catholic church properties confiscated by Lutherans.
-
France joins by declaring war on Spain. They aly with the Calvinist Dutch to aid them in their struggle for official independence.
-
In the rich province of Catalonia (Spain), the peasants rebelled. They overan Barcelona and killed the viceroy. They hated that the government was confiscating their crops and making them house and feed soldiers.
-
He described 3 laws of motion. He independently invented calculus. He established his law of gravitation. His ingenious is still studied today. He was a real smart cookie. Although fig Newtons aren't named after him.
-
Spain doesn't formally recognize Dutch independence until 1648. The Dutch Republic was a self-governing state sheltering a variety of religious groups.
-
France and Sweden garined most from Peace. France gaing parts of Alsace. France became prevailing power overtaking Spain. The Habsburgs lost the most.
-
Louis XIV invades iin an attempt to spred the French empire. He gains towns in Spanish Netherlands. This conflict is ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
-
Louis XIV Ended by the Treaty of Nijmeen which gave several towns in Spanish Netherlands to France.
-
Louis XIV ended by the Peace of Rijwijk which returned all his conquests made since 1678 except Strasbourg
